虚拟语气

本图介绍了虚拟语气有： if非真实条件句、介词或介词短语表示虚拟条件、宾语从句中的虚拟语气、主从中的虚拟语气、表从和同从、状从、其他句型。

虚拟语气

• if非真实条件句
  • 基本用法
    • • 先辩主从，再看时态，像现在相反，有were也应该是在从句而不是主句，不要一看见were 就觉得是现在时。主句动词只有原形和have done!!
  • 省略if的虚拟条件句
    • 如果从句中含有were,had或should等词时，可以省if,把we’re,had或should等提到主语之前，引起倒装
      • Had it not been for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam.
  • 错综时间虚拟条件句
    • 主从时态不一致
      • Would you be surprised if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand?
• 介词或介词短语表示虚拟条件
  • but for要不是，without 没有，in the absence of如果没有，were it not for要是没有，but that若不是
• 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
  • wish引导
    • 对过去
      • 从句谓语动词 had+done, could/would have done
        • He didn’t go to the party, but he does wish he had been there.
    • 将来
      • would/could/might 原形
        • I wish prices would come down
    • 现在
      • I wish I were as strong as you.
  • had hoped表过去没有实现的愿望，本来想要，但愿，其后宾语从句用would+原形表虚拟
    • I had hoped that I wouldn’t bore you by talking about my children.
      • 不理解
  • would rather, would sooner, would just as soon,might as well,would prefer之后的宾语从句用虚拟语气表示愿望，意为宁愿，但愿
    • 表示对现在或将来的愿望 would rather/sooner+主语+动词过去式（be用were)
      • I would rather you came tomorrow.
    • 表示对过去的愿望would rather/sooner+主语+动词过去完成时
      • I would rather I had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
  • 在表示命令、建议或要求等动词后的宾语从句中要求用虚拟语气，谓语形式为（should)+动词原形
    • insist,intend,prefer,propose,recommend,imagine
      • My boss ordered that the legal documents be sent to him before lunch.
• 主从中的虚拟语气
  • 常见结构：It is+形容词/名词/过去分词+that引导的主从，主从谓动（should)动词原形
    • • It is….that sth. should do, should可以省略
• 表从和同从
  • 同上，可省should
    • 可搭配的名词（表示建议，命令，主张，目的，愿望等）
• 状从
  • 方式
    • as if/as though引导，若从句内容并非现实，则虚拟
      • 从句与现在事实相反，从句谓动一般过去；与过去相反had done
        • He talks as if he knew all about it.
          • 如果说话人对从句内容较有把握，不用虚拟用陈述语气，当主句谓动是look,seem,smell等时也陈述（不用虚拟）
            • It looks as if it is going to rain
  • 让步状语
    • even if, as等引导时，从句谓语可参照由if引导的虚拟条件从句的谓语，用一般过去时、过去完成时或动词原形。😈even if从句里可用虚拟动词表示与事实相反，even though 是就事论事，不用虚拟。
      • Even if he were my brother, I would not trust him🫥Even though he is my brother, I don’t trust him.
    • whatever,whichever,whenever,whoever,wherever,however, no matter wh- 等引导的让步状从中，从句虚拟语气结构为may+动词原形（指现在或将来）或 may+完成式（指过去），主句结构不限。
      • I will be waiting for him no matter how late he may come
    • though, although 等引导的让从中，从句虚拟语气结构为should+动词原形，主句结构不限
      • Although/though he should often be late, he is a good student.
  • 目的状从
    • lest, in case,for fear that以防万一唯恐， 谓语动词should +动原
      • lest, for fear that从句中should 可省
        • He took the raincoat with him lest it (should) rain
      • in case中should一般不省，同时in case还可以引导陈述语气
        • In case he comes, let me know.陈述语气
• 其他句型
  • It is(high/about)time that…后面跟虚拟语气，谓语动词通常用一般过去式，有时也用should+动词原形，表示该干…的时候了
    • That was not the first time he had betrayed us. I think it’s high time we took strong actions against him.
  • if only引导的感叹句表示“但愿，要是…就好了”用法和wish基本相同，语气更加强烈
    • 表示现在的情况，谓动过去式
      • If only he were here.
    • 表示过去的情况，谓动过去完成式
      • If only I had not been busy yesterday!
    • 表示将来的情况，谓动would/could+动词原形
      • If only you would listen to our advice.
  • intend,meant,hoped,wished,planned 或was/were +不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气，表示“本计划/打算/想要……”
    • I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time
• can’t…too…再怎么怎么也不为过
  • You can’t be too careful when crossing the street
• 情态助动词的用法
  • 主要情态动词的用法
    • can/could
      • 在过去时中，could泛指一般能力，be able to表示具体做某件事的能力，比如前天火灾我得以逃出酒店，就应该用be able to
      • 表示请求和允许（permission)
        • could更委婉，但回答通常can
      • 表能力ability
        • can表现在或将来，could表示过去，在肯定句中could泛指一般的能力
      • 表可能possibility
        • 常用于否定句，疑问句或惊叹句中
          • He couldn’t have been hurt
          • What can he be doing all this time
        • 肯定句
          • might may
    • may/might
      • 祝愿
        • 这很难评，唱歌这东西，隔行如隔山，May her succeed!
      • may/might（…）as well 不妨，还是……的好
        • Since it is raining hard, you may as well stay here.
    • will/would
      • 意愿，意图，决心，承诺
      • 习惯性动作，某种倾向
    • shall
      • 二三人称肯定句，表示命令，警告，威胁，强制，允诺
        • You shall pay for it
    • should
      • 表推测，可能，往往有一定根据，按道理应该
        • They should be at home by now for they have been away for two hours.
      • 表说话人的感情
        • 惊奇
          • I was shocked that she should have said such a thing to you.
        • 不满Why should I go?
        • 失望
          • I am sorry that she should be so stubborn.
    • must
      • 表推测只用于肯定句
        • must>will>would>ought to>should>can>could>may>might
    • need
      • need doing=need to be done
    • dare
      • 一般肯定句中要跟to,否定和疑问没有
        • I dare to jump down from the top of the wall
        • She doesn’t dare (to)face he teacher.
  • 情态动词+have+过去分词
    • 区分should could have done