Floors_楼板

floor，介绍了 function 作用、 composition 构成、 classification 分类、 Floor waterproofing 楼板防水的内容。

Floors 楼板

• function 作用
  • Divide the upper and lower floor spaces 分割上下楼层空间
  • Load- bearing number in horizontal direction 水平方向上的承重构件
    • bearing the floor load and self-weight and pass the load into walls or volumes 承受楼面荷载及自重并把荷载传递给墙或柱
• composition 构成
  • surface layer 面层
    • 1.easy to clean 易清洁 2.wear resistance 耐磨 3.water- tolerance 耐水 4. Decorative effect 装饰作用
  • structural layer 结构层
    • function 作用
      • 1.bear the load and pass the floor load 承受并传递楼面荷载 2. Supporting walls 支持墙体
    • requirements 要求
      • 1.enough strength 足够的强度 2. Durability 耐久性 3.sound insulation and fire-resistance 隔声，防火 4.stiffness 钢度
  • ceiling layer 顶棚
    • functions
      • 1.cover the lower floor slab 遮盖楼板下部 2.protect floor slab 保护楼板 3.decoration 装饰作用
• classification 分类
  • wooden floor slab 木楼板
  • Arch brick floor slab 拱砖楼板
  • reinforced concrete floor slab 钢筋混凝土楼板
    • Classified by construction method 按照构造方法分类
      • Cast-in-place reinforced concrete floor slabs 现浇钢筋混凝土楼板
        • Advantages 优点
          • 1.high stiffness 刚度大 2.Good integrity 整体性好 3.Strong shock resistance 抗震性强 4.Flexible plane form 平面形式灵活
        • disadvantages 缺点
          • 1. Need large amount of framework需要大量模板 2.many processes 作业量大 3.long construction period 工期长
        • classified by construction method 按构造方式分类
          • slab type floor slabs ： 板式楼板
            • One-way slabs 单向板
              • 1.A plate supported along two pairs of sides 沿两对边支撑的板 2. The ratio of long and short side is larger or equal to 3 长短边之比>=3
            • two- way slabs 双向板
              • • The ratio of long and short side is less than 2 长短边之比<2
            • Cantilever slabs 悬壁板
              • A slab with only one side fixed to the main building 只有一边固定在主题建筑上的板
            • Advantages and uses 优点和用处
              • The bottom is flat, which is easy to support the framework. 底面平整，便于支模施工 Be suitable for small plane size room (such as kitchen,toilet ), floor and canopy board, sun visor 适用于平面尺寸较小的房间（如厨房，厕所）楼板及雨棚、遮阳板等。
          • beam-slab type floor slabs 梁板式楼板
            • single beam floor slabs 单梁式楼板
              • A beam is arranged in one direction, and the beam is directly supported on the wall 仅在一个方向上设梁，梁直接支撑在墙上
              • uses 用途
                • Suitable for teaching building and offices 适用于教学楼，办公室等建筑
            • double beam floor slabs 双梁式楼板
              • composition 构成
                • 1.slabs 板 2.main beam 主梁 3.secondary beam次梁
              • Uses 用途
                • Be used to the rooms with large breadth, depth and floor load, such as teaching building、offices、stores 当房间的开间，进深较大，楼面承受的荷载较大时，常采用双梁式楼板，如教学楼，办公室，商店。
          • Beamless floor slabs 无梁式楼板
            • classification
              • No column cap 无柱帽
              • column cap 有柱帽
                • Improve the anti-punching ability of the floor slab at the top of the column and reduce the span of the floor slab 提高柱顶处楼板的抗冲切能力，减小楼板的跨度。
            • advantages and uses 优点和用途
              • advantages：The bottom is flat, the visual effect is good, the ventilation and lighting is good, the indoor effective space is large 地面平整，视觉效果好，通风采光好，室内有效空间大
              • uses： Often used in multi-storey civil buildings, such as shops, warehouses, factories 常用于多层的民用建筑中，如商店，仓库，厂房。
          • Cast-in-place hollow floor slabs 现浇空心楼板
            • Advantages：The floor weight is reduced, the span is increased, the amount of concrete is reduced, the storey height is reduced, and the sound and heat insulation effect is improved 楼板自重减轻，跨度增大，混凝土用量减少，层高降低，隔音和隔热效果得到改善
          • Well-shaped floor slabs 井字楼板
            • characteristics特征：The beams in both directions, regardless of primary and secondary, have the same section and are well shaped 两个方向上的梁不分主次，截面相同，呈井字形
            • Advantages： 优点
              • The bottom structure is neat and decorative, which is conducive to improving the clearance height of the house 底部结构整齐，装饰性强，有利于提高房屋的净空高度
            • uses用途: Generally used in public buildings foyer and hall type room, meeting rooms, restaurants, auditoriums, dance halls. 一般多用于公共建筑的门厅和大厅式的房间，会议室，餐厅，小礼堂，歌舞厅。
      • Prefabricated assembled reinforced concrete floor slabs 预制装配式钢筋混凝土楼板
        • the types of prefabricated slabs
          • Solid slab 实心平板
            • Advantages 优点：easy to make and the cost is low 制作简单造价低
            • Disadvantages缺点：poor sound insulation, small span 隔声差，跨度小
            • uses用途：Often used for small span walkway Gully cover, shelf, balcony railing 常用于跨度小的走道板，管沟板，搁板，阳台板。
          • Troughslab 槽形板
            • positive trough slab 正槽板：
              • advantages优点：reasonable force受力合理
              • Disadvantages缺点：poor sound insulation effect and need ceiling layer 隔声效果差需要吊顶层
              • Uses用途：It is often used in rooms with low visibility or suspended ceilings 常用于观瞻性不高或做吊顶的房间
            • reverse trough slab 反槽板
              • advantages优点：good sound and heat insulation effect 隔声，保温隔热效果好
              • disadvantages缺点：unreasonable force 受力不合理
              • uses用途：
                • For buildings with special sound insulation, heat preservation and insulation requirements 用于有特殊隔声，保温隔热要求的建筑
          • Hollow core slab 空心板
            • advantages优点：The surface of the board is smooth, the ground and ceiling are easy to handle, and the effect of sound insulation and heat insulation is good 板面平整，地面及顶棚容易处理，隔声保温隔热效果好
            • Disadvantages缺点：can't open any holes 不能任意开洞。
            • uses 用途：Used for industrial and civil building floor and roof panels 用于工业和民用建筑楼板和屋面板
          • Sandwich slab 夹心板
            • function功能：heat preservation 保温 load-bearing 承重 Waterproofing 防水
            • uses用途：roof panels 屋面板
        • arrangement form布置方式
          • slab type structure 板式结构：the slab is put the wall directly. 板直接搁置在墙上
          • beam- slab type structure 梁板式结构：slabs is placed on the beam and the beam is placed on walls or columns.板被放在梁上，梁被架在墙或柱上。
        • side seam structure 侧缝构造
          • V-joint
          • U- joint
          • concave joint
      • Assembled monolithic reinforced concrete floor slabs 装配整体式钢筋混凝土楼板
        • advantages优点：good integrity，saving framework，fast construction speed 整体性好，节省模版，施工速度快。
        • uses用途：residence， teaching building，hotel，offices，hospital 住宅，教学楼，宾馆，办公室，医院。
  • Molded steel plate and concrete composite floor 压型钢板与混凝土组合楼板
    • advantages优点：Large bearing capacity, good steel and stability 承载力大，钢度和稳定性好
    • Disadvantages缺点：Large consumption of steel, the bottom of the board to do fire- resistancetreatment 耗钢量大，板底要做防火处理
    • uses用途：Suitable for large space and high-rise steel structure buildings 适用于大空间和高层钢结构建筑
• Floor waterproofing 楼板防水
  • structural layer： should use cast-in-place reinforced concrete floor slabs 应该使用现浇钢筋混凝土楼板
  • surface layer面层： The surface layer should be made of materials with good waterproof and good integrity, such as cement mortar, now watering millstone, ceramic tile, etc. 面层应选用防水性能好、整体性好的材料，如水泥砂浆、现浇磨石、瓷砖等
  • waterproof layer防水层：
    • Waterproof layer can choose waterproof mortar, waterproof coil or waterproof coating and other materials, generally set between the structural layer and the surface layer, and extend 100~150mm upward along the surrounding wall, extending outward not less than 250mm at the entrance of the door. 防水层可选用防水砂浆、防水卷材或防水涂料等材料，一般设置在结构层与面层之间，沿四周墙体向上延伸100~150mm，在门洞入口处向外延伸不小于250mm。
• Formation waterproofing 地层防水