导图社区 高中名词性从句语法知识点
本张思维导图根据自己的教学经验,总结出来的思维导图,直观简介,方便学习记忆。学习高中语法变得轻而易举。内容全面,包括名词性从句的概念,种类,语法结构,连接词和用法。掌握名词性从句,作文轻松写出长难句,拿高分再也不是问题!
编辑于2020-03-10 01:24:51名词性从句
1. 定义
名词性从句,不难理解,通俗点说就是一个句子(从句)在另一个句子(主句)中做主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,相当于名词的用法。名词性从句根据在句子中所做的成分又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
2. 引导词
作用:连接句子,是否在从句中充当成份,是否有语意
连接代词 what/ whatever(作主语,宾语,表语,什么/无论什么), who/ whoever(做主语,宾语,表语,谁,无论谁), whom/whomever(作宾语,谁/无论谁), which/ whichever(做主语,宾语,表语,哪一个/无论哪一个),whose(作定语,谁的)
连接副词 when/ whenever(作状语,表时间), where/ wherever(作状语,表地点), how/ however(作状语,表方式), why(作状语,表原因)
连词 that(无实意,不做成份), whether, if (是否), as if , as though(有实意,不做成份)
3. 主语从句
定义:在句子中担当主语的是一个从句,这个从句就叫做主语从句。
①主语从句常用it作形式主语,一般常用句型为:It is+{名词/形容词/过去分词}+主语从句
It is still a question whether she will come or not.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
固定搭配
1. it turned out that……;
2. It has been proved that……;
3. It happened/occurred that……;
4. It is well-known that……
.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week.
3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.
4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not..
(5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。例如:Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that 则不然。例如:What you said yesterday is right.
形式主语
1.It+be+形容词(obvious,true,natural,strange,etc.)+主语从句It is importantthat he shoud know about this.他应该知道此事是重要的。
[名师点津]在“It+be+形容词+主语从句”结构中,若形容词为 important/necessary/strange等,主语从句中 的谓语用“(should)do”。表示惊奇,不相信, 惋惜,理应等语气。
2.It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a pity, a/no surprise, etc.)+主语从句It's a pity that he didn't come. 很遗憾他没来。
3.It+be+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,proved,etc.)+主语从句It is suggested that the meeting be put off.
[名师点津] 在“It+be+过去分词+主语从句”结构中,过去分词若为suggested/ordered/required/advised等,主语从句中的谓语用“(should) do”。
4.It+不及物动词(happen, seem, appear, remain, etc.)+主语从句It happened that I was out when he came. 碰巧 他来的时候,碰巧我不在家 It seems that it is going to rain
5.It+及物动词+宾语+主语从句It surprised him why they came to visit him suddenly. 让他吃惊的是他们为什么突然都来看他。
it做形式主语和强调句型的区别It is/was +被强调部分+that/who+其余部分 It is +adj/n/done
what与which区别
两者在名词性从句里都可以指物,在从句中也都可以做主语、宾语、表语和定语。区别在 于which仅指某一范围中的个体(有时which还 可以指人或修饰人),what指整体和类别。
4. 宾语从句
1. 定义
1. 宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语。
2. 用法
1. that引导宾语从句无意义,不充当句子成分常省略。但下列情况除外
1. ①.介词宾语从句的that不能省略
①.介词宾语从句的that不能省略
2. ②. and连接的两个从句,两个从句的that不能省略。 He told me that he had two sons and that they both had gone to college.
3. ③.在动词+it+宾语补足语+宾语从句结构中,that不省略。 I heard it said that he had gone abroad
4. 子主题
2. Whether,if 引导宾语从句:两词可互换,但是下列情形除外
1. whether to do不能写成if to do,与or not连在一起时不用if。Whether四种从句均可以引导,没有限制。
2. If 只能引导两种名词性从句:动词后的宾语从句和由it充当形式主义的主语从句
3. ②.whether从句做介词宾语 Everything depends on whether you agree with us
3. 许多带复合宾语的句子,宾语从句经常移到句子后部,而用it做形式宾语。主语 + 动词 + it + 形容词/名词等宾语补足语 + 宾语从句
1. 重点
①.宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序。
False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job. Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.
特殊疑问句变成 陈述语序连接词就是疑问词本身
eg:i wander which tie you like best.
2. ②. 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。
Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible. Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.
3. ③. 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。
Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher. Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher.
4. 时态
1. 主句是一般现在时,从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。
1. 例句:The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
2. 主句是一般过去时,从句须用过去时态的某种形式。
1. 例句:She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
3. 当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实真理时,即使主句是过去时,从句也用一般现在时态。
1. 例句:The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
3. 形式宾语
定义:当某些动词后的宾语从句之后有宾语补足语(通常是形容词或名词)时,通常以it代替that宾语从句作形式宾语,这时that不可省略。常见的这类动词有find, think,consider, take, feel等
[名师点津] 在like, enjoy, love, hate 等表“喜怒哀乐”的动词或一些特殊动词(短语)如take, depend on, rely on, see to等后若要跟宾语从句,需先跟形式宾语 it,再接宾语从句。
表语从句
定义
在一个复合句中,从句作的是主句的表语成分。
注意事项
表语从句一定要用正常语序。
False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
引导名词性从句时if/whether(是否)用法辨析:
if不能引导表语从句,只能用whether 来引导。
引导宾语从句时if/whether可以互换,但介词后面的宾语从句只能用whether来引导。
位于句首的主语从句只能用whether来引导,同位语从句也只能用whether来引导。
在有表语从句的复合句中,主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。
Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.
that在表语从句中不可以省掉。 表语从句只能置于主句之后,而主句的动词只能是连系动词。
一个例外
很多地点副词和时间副词可以充当表语或后置定语
① This is where he liveswhere是代词,即名词性质,引导表语从句——这是他住的地方。
② He is where he liveswhere是副词,他在他住的地方——显然不能说他是他住的地方,where he lives不是名词性从句。
that, why 与 because 引导表语从句时的区别 虽然三者均可引导表语从句,但 that 没有语义,而 why 和 because 有自己的意思;另外,虽然 why和 because 都可引导表语从句,但前者强调结果,后者强调原因。
同位语从句
定义
同位语从句,指的是在复合句中充当同位语的从句
同位语从句的先行词只能是名词
可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,words(消息),possibility,decision等(一般的“抽象”名词都可用)。
引导词
that
that连接从句时从句为一个句意完整的陈述句。that不能省略,没有具体的意思,不充当句子成分,只起连接作用
【注意1】在某些名词(如demand,wish,suggestion,resolution等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 有一项建议是布朗应该离队。
【注意2】引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略,但在非正式文体中也可以省去。He grabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane. 他拿起了手提箱,给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。
whether引导(注:if不能引导同位语从句)
The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor. 我们是否请专家由家庭医生来定。
连接代词what,who,whom,whose,which,
1)I have no idea what size shoes she wears.我不知道她穿几号的鞋。(what作定语)
2)The question who will take his place is still not clear. (who作主语)
连接副词when,where,how,why
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 到哪儿去度暑假,这个问题我们还没有决定。
what的用法
1. 表示“……的东西或事情”。(what= the thing that) They’ve done what they can to help her. 他们已经尽力帮助了她。 He saves what he earns. 他赚多少,积蓄多少。 What Mary is// is the secretary. 玛丽的职务是秘书。
2. 表示“……的人或的样子”:He is no longer what he was. 他已经不是以前的那个样子。 He is what is generally called a traitor. 他就是人们通常所说的叛徒。
3. 表示“……的数量或数目”。(what=the amount that) Our income is now double what it was ten years ago. 我们现在的收入是10年前的两倍。
4. 表示“……的时间”。(what=the time that) After what seemed like hours //he came out with a bitter smile. 似乎过了几个小时他才苦笑着出来。
5. 表示“……的地方”。(what=the place that) This is what they call Salt Lake City. 这就是他们称为盐湖城的方。 This is the place that they call Salt Lake City
补充说明(1) 这样用的what相当于“先行词+关系代词”,所以其前不能有先行词: 你喜欢什么就拿什么吧。 正:You can have what you like. / You can have everything (that) you like. 误:You can have everything what you like. I can not thank my mother enough for all that she does for me. (2) 有时what 可用作限定词,其后修饰一个名词: I gave him what books I had. 我把我所有的书都给他了