【干货】 超级全的高中英语语法（非谓语动词篇）

一个简单句只能有一个动词做谓语，这个动词叫谓语动词；谓语动词要以谓语动词形式表达出来，非谓语动词要以非谓语动词的形式表达出来。非谓语动词包括：动词不定式-to do；动名词-doing；现在分词-doing；过去分词-done非谓语动词，顾名思义，就是 不是做谓语的动词；非谓语动词除了不做谓语，可以做主语、宾语、定语、状语和表语等各种其他句子成分。要掌握非谓语动词的用法，就是要掌握不同非谓语动词在各个句子成分的不同含义和用法。

非谓语外挂 to do doing done

定语

前后一定是个名词

to do

一定是在名词之后 称为后置定语

自带将来时属性

I have work to do

排他性强调

He is the first one to kill

抽象名词ability,chance,idea,right,evidence,attempt,plan,way,reason,opportunity,time

doing

可以在名词的前后

前置定语

The sleeping baby is my nephew.正在睡觉的婴儿是我的外甥。

后置定语

The director of the TV series says that its success is a sign of teenagers suffering from stress. teenagers与suffer 之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,故填动词的-ing形式,作定语修饰名词。

done

可以在名词的前后

The stolen car was found by the police last week

He likes the gift bought by his father

状语

to do

目的状语

I come here to see you.

结果状语

it is not good enough to pass.

原因状语

I am so happy to meet you.

表语化的状语

表语的形容词easy, hard, difficult, pleasant, good, fit, comfortable等后面作状语

This book is difficult to understand

阅读时一定要删去

doing

与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,与句中谓语动作同时发生,或几乎同时发生。 doing 是主语发出的动作

①作原因状语。相当于as, since, because引导的原因状语从句。 例 Being tired, I stopped to have a rest.(=Because I was tired, I stopped to have a rest.)我累了,于是停下来休息。

②作条件状语。相当于if引导的条件状语从句。 例 Turning to the left, you will find the school.(=If you turn to the left, you will find the school.) 向左拐,你就会发现那所学校。

③作让步状语。相当于though, although,even if 引导的让步状语从句。 例 Knowing where I live, he never comes to see me. (=Though he knows where I live, he never comes to see me.) 尽管知道我住哪儿,但他从不来看我。

④作结果状语。相当于so that 引导的结果状语从句。 例 He turned off the lamp, seeing nothing.(=He turned off the lamp so that he saw nothing.)他熄了灯,结果什么也看不见了。

现在分词短语作结果状语时,表示一种自然而然的结果,通常放在句末,与句子其他部分用逗号隔开;不定式作结果状语时往往表示一个不好的或出乎意料的结果。 现在分词和不定式作状语的区别

⑤作方式状语或伴随状语,此时现在分词短语不能转化为状语从句,但可转化为并列分句。 The condition normally occurs in elderly people and is irreparable, resulting in permanent loss of vision.

⑥作时间状语,相当于when,while引导的时间状语从句。 例 Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.(=When they heard the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.)听到这个消息,他们立即出发去上海了。

done

其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语,且主语是过去分词动作的承受者,过去分词与主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。过去分词(短语)作状语可表示时间、原因、方式、条件、伴随和让步。

(1)作时间状语。可转换为when,while引导的时间状语从句。 例 Asked what had happened,he told us about it.→When he was asked what had happened,he told us about it.当被问及发生了什么事时,他把这件事告诉了我们。

(2)作条件状语。可转换为if引导的条件状语从句。 例 Given more time,I’ll catch up with you.→If I am given more time,I’ll catch up with you.如果多给我一些时间,我就能赶上你。

(3)作原因状语。可转换为because,as等引导的原因状语从句。 例 Encouraged by the progress he has made, he works harder.→As he is encouraged by the progress he has made, he works harder.由于受到所取得的进步的鼓舞,他学习更努力了。

(4)作让步状语。可转换为though,although,even if等引导的让步状语从句。 例 Left at home, John didn’t feel afraid at all.→Although he was left at home, John didn’t feel afraid at all.尽管约翰被留在家里,但他一点也不害怕。

(5)作方式状语或伴随状语。一般不能转换为状语从句,但可转换为并列分句。 例 Dressed in white, she suddenly appeared.→She was dressed in white and suddenly appeared.她穿着白色的衣服突然出现了。

表语

不定式作表语 不定式在系动词后作表语,可表示主语的内容、将来的动作、命令、建议、事态发展的结果等。 例 His job is to write reports for the newspaper.他的工作是为报纸写报道。 例 The problems remain to be unsettled.问题还没有解决。

动词-ing作表语 ①动词-ing作表语时相当于名词,用于解释主语的内容,表语和主语常常可以互换位置。 ②动词-ing作表语时相当于形容词,用于说明主语的特征,主语和表语不可以互换位置。 例 My favorite sport is swimming.我最喜欢的运动是游泳。(动词-ing作表语) 例 The result is very disappointing.这个结果非常令人失望。(动词-ing作表语)

(1)过去分词作表语时位于系动词之后,多用于表示主语的状态或状况,所体现的是形容词的特性。 例 I am pleased with the result of the experiment.我对实验结果很满意 (2)过去分词作表语时强调主语所处的状态;动词的被动语态则表示主语是动作的承受者,强调动作。 例 The cup is broken.杯子破了。(强调杯子的状态) 例 The cup was broken by Jim.杯子是吉姆打破的。(强调"打破"这一动作)

补语

to do

(1) 带to的不定式作补语。动词allow, order, permit, tell, want, wish, forbid, advise, persuade, warn等之后跟带to的不定式作补语,形式为动词+宾语+宾补(不定式)或动词(被动)+主补(不定式)。 例 He didn’t allow us to smoke in his room.他不允许我们在他的房间里吸烟。

(2)不带to的不定式作补语。使役动词(make, have, let等)及感官动词(see, watch, observe, hear, notice等)后作宾补的不定式不带to。但使役动词和感官动词用于被动语态(let一般不用于被动语态)时,作主补的不定式一定要加上to。 例 He made a face and made everybody laugh.他做了一个鬼脸,使得每个人都笑了。 例 He was seen to go upstairs.有人见他上楼了。 全过程

doing

(1)感觉、感官类动词:see, notice, watch, look at, hear, listen to, find, feel, smell等。 例 He heard the wind blowing outside.他听到外边在刮风。 例 I felt my heart beating faster.我感到我的心跳得更快了。

(2)使役动词:keep, get, leave, set, have等。 例 I am sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.不好意思让你等这么久。 例 Her joke set us laughing.她的笑话使我们大笑。

done

(1)位于feel, find, hear, notice, see, smell, observe等感官动词后作补语。 例 He didn’t notice his wallet stolen.他没有注意到他的钱包被偷了。 例 I was sleeping when I heard my name called.听到有人喊我的名字时,我正在睡觉。 全过程

(2)位于get, have, make, keep, leave等使役动词后作补语。 例 They are going to have the house painted white.他们准备把房子刷成白色

with复合结构中作宾补的非谓语动词 with +宾语+宾补结构可在句中作定语或状语(表示原因、时间、条件、伴随、方式等),宾补是名词/形容词/副词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式。 在此我们重点讲解宾补是分词和不定式的情况。 任何介词引导的状语从句

主语

不定式作主语 不定式作主语时谓语动词用单数;若不定式太长,则用it作形式主语而将不定式后置。 例 To say is one thing; to do is another.说是一回事,做是另一回事。 例 To talk with him is a great pleasure.→It is a great pleasure to talk with him.

2.动词的-ing形式作主语 (1)动词-ing作主语 ①意义:多表示一般性的、抽象的动作或状态 ②谓语动词的数:通常用单数形式 ③位置:位于句首;也可位于句末,此时常用 it作形式主语 ④动词- ing的逻辑主语:形容词性物主代词、名词所有格 例 Living in the city brings him lots of job chances.住在城市给他带来很多工作机会。 例 Jack’s suddenly disappearing made them worried.杰克的突然失踪使他们担忧。

宾语

不定式作宾语 下列动词后只接不定式作宾语而不接动名词作宾语:agree (同意), intend/plan (打算,计划), demand (要求), promise (答应), help(帮忙), prepare (准备), decide (决定), refuse (拒绝), choose (选择,决定), wish/hope(想要),want(想), expect (期望), fail(未能), pretend (假装), manage (设法完成), determine(决心), beg (恳求), arrange(安排), threaten(威胁), claim(声称),hesitate(顾虑), happen(碰巧)等。 例 They managed to finish the work on time.他们设法按时完成了工作 例 Don’t pretend to know what you don’t know.不要不懂装懂。

①下列动词后接动词-ing作宾语而不接不定式作宾语:admit(承认), avoid, consider(考虑), escape(避开), imagine, mind, miss, practise, suggest(建议), enjoy等。 例 I often practise listening and speaking.我经常练习听和说。 例 Do you mind passing me that dictionary?你介意递给我那本词典吗?

②下列短语动词后接动词-ing作宾语:can’t help(不禁), feel like, give up, put off, object to, look forward to等。 例 I object to being scolded for the matter.我不愿因这件事受人责备。 巧记后接动词-ing作宾语的(短语)动词: 建议考虑坚持练(suggest, advise, consider, insist on, practise) 允许 想象 弃冒险,(permit, allow, imagine, give up, risk) 阻止 抵抗 否避开,(prevent, resist, deny, escape) 不禁 介意 保持完,(can’t help, mind, keep, finish) 承认 错过 心喜欢。(admit, miss, enjoy)

秘籍

非谓语动词作定语时,其逻辑主语是被修饰词;作状语时,是句子的主语;作补语时,是动词或介词的宾语。 分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语(逻辑上的动作执行者)之间是主动关系还是被动关系(也就是看其逻辑主语是动作的发出者还是承受者)。 如果逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间是主谓关系,则用现在分词; 如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系,则用过去分词。 如果非谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生,则用不定式的被动式; 如果非谓语动词表示的动作正在进行,则用现在分词形式的被动式。