导图社区 教资英语语言学知识总结
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编辑于2020-10-15 11:36:01语言学知识
语言学概述linguistics
语言的本质特征
任意性Arbitrariness
什么称呼都可以
二重性Duality
(语音+意义)忐+忑、尴+尬
创造性Productivity
组成无数的句子
移位性Displacement
文化的传播Cultural transmission
文化通过语言传播
语言的主要功能functions of language
信息功能Informative function
人际功能Interpersonal function
施为功能Performative function
Class begin!
情感功能Emotive function
寒暄功能Phatic function
娱乐功能Recreational function
元语言功能Metalingual function
用语言来认识语言
几对重要概念
Prescriptive&Descriptive 规定性和描述性
Synchronic&Diachronic 共时性和历史性
Langue&Parole 语言和言语
整合与具体
Compentence&Performance 语言能力和语言表现
know/do
语言学
语音学Phonetics
语音分类
phone/phoneme音素分类
vowels元音
pure vowel/monophthong单元音
单元音分类方式
舌头最高部分的位置
前
中
后
舌头抬起的高度
高
middle
低
元音的长度或紧度
long vowel
short vowel
roundness
rounded vowel
unrounded vowel
diphthong双元音
consonant辅音
manner of articulation
place of articulation
voicing带声性
voiceless sound
voicing sound
vocal variety语音变化
liaison连读
loss of plosive失去爆破/incomplete plosive不完全爆破
assimilation同化
would you/meet you
音系学phonology
phoneme音位——能够辨别意义的最小单位
minimal pairs最小对立体(单词)
bag与beg,bag与back
phonemic contrast音位对立
/a/与/e/为音位对立
能够区别意义
allophones音位变体
同一个音位在不同单词中发音有变化
p/t/k/l
互补分布complementary distribution
同一个音位的不同读音不能同时出现,并且没有区别意义的作用
lake/milk
free variation自由变体
同一单词出现不同音素,读音不同,意义相同
英音vs美音
phonological rules音系规则
序列规则sequential rule
同化规则assimilation rule
省略规则deletion rule
knife
超音段特征
音节syllable
chi-na/im-pos-si-ble
节首最大化原则maximal onset principle——两个元音之间只有一个辅音字母
la-ter/stu-dent
两个元音字母之间中间有两个辅音字母
let-ter/cor-ner
两个元音字母并列且无固定发音
flu-ent/cre-ate
重音stress
单词重音word stress
句子重音sentence stress
一般规律:实词重读,虚词弱读
特殊情况:重读想要强调的部分
语调intonation
rising/falling
一般疑问句读升调
陈述、特殊疑问句、祈使、感叹读降调
选择疑问句和并列句升降调
反义疑问句降升调
形态学morphology
morphemes词素
最小的有意义的语言单位
分类
free morphemes--dog
bound morphemes--词根、词缀
词根root
词缀affix
词干stem
词干大于等于词缀——friendships:friend or friendship
inflectional morphemes屈折词缀
仅后缀(改变语法属性,不改变词意)-s/-ed/-ing
apple-apples
derivational morphemes派生词缀
前后缀(改变词意)dis-/un-/-ness
direct-indirect
词的形成
复合法compounding
向心复合词endocentric compound
steamboat
离心复合词exocentric compound
egghead书呆子
派生法derivation
加前缀:agree-disagree
加后缀:differ-difference
词汇变化lexical change
invention创新词:nylon
blending混成词:smoke+fog=smog
abbreviation or clipping截断词:influenza-flu
initialism首字母连写词:WTO
acronym首字母拼写词:APEC
back-formation逆构词法:editor-edit
analogical creation类推构词:white collar--blue collar
borrowing借词法
句法学syntax
句法范畴syntactic categories
noun/noun phrase
verb/verb phrase
限定词determiner
adjective
adverb
代词pronoun
助动词auxiliary verb
介词短语prepositional phrase
语义学semantics
单词间涵义关系
同义关系synonymy
同义词synonym的差别
文体stylistic:buy/purchase
地域dialectal:fall/autumn
搭配collocational:accuse of/charge with
情感emotive:thrifty/stingy
语义semantic:enough/ample
反义关系antonymy
反义词antonym
gradable antonymy等级反义(存在中间状态):long-short
complementary antonymy互补反义:boy-girl
converse antonymy反向反义(不同角度):buy-sell,employer-employee
上下位关系hyponymy
上位词hypernym:vegetable,flower
下位词hyponym:carrot,cabbage
一词多义polysemy
同音/同形异义homonymy
同音异义homophone:night/knight
同形异义homograph:lead/research
同形同音异义complete homonym
句子间涵义关系
X is synonymous with Y(X与Y同义)
X:He was a bachelor all his life
Y: He never got married all his life
X is inconsistent with Y(X与Y不一致)
X:I live in Beijing
Y: I have never been to Beijing
X entails Y/Y is an entailment of X(X蕴含Y)
X:Sue and Fred went to the party
Y: Sue went to the party
X presupposes Y/Y IS prerequisite of Y(预设关系)Y是X的前提条件
X:John's girlfriend is angry to him
Y:John has a girlfriend
语用学pragmatics
言语行为speech acts
言内行为/发话行为locutionary act
言外行为/行事行为illocutionary act:有潜台词
言后行为/取效perlocutionary act:说话后产生的影响
直接言语行为direct speech act
间接言语行为indirect speech act:旁敲侧击
会话含义理论conversational implicature
合作原则cooperative principle
quantity数量准则
言简意赅、回答要包含所需的信息
quality质量准则
不要说假话、缺乏证据的话
relation关系准则
说话要有联系,不能答非所问
manner方式准则
避免晦涩、歧义,要简明有序
修辞学rhetoric
词义修辞手段
明喻simile
暗喻metaphor
借代/转喻metonymy
一群红领巾跑过来了
Only a knife(手术) could save him
提喻synecdote
They share the same roof
China beat Korea in a soccer game yesterday
隐喻/典故allusion
拟人personification
夸张hyperbole
矛盾修饰法oxymoron
old young man世故的年轻人
委婉euphemism
移就transferred epithet
He lay all night on a sleepless pillow
押韵rhyme
押头韵alliteration/initial rhyme/head rhyme
蒹葭、蜘蛛、pills and potions
押尾韵end rhyme
反韵reverse rhyme
night、nine、knife
准押韵assonance
gate-make
头尾韵pararhyme
love-live
语言学跨学科分支
总
morphemes词素
最小的有意义的语言单位
分类
free morphemes--dog
bound morphemes--词根、词缀
词根root
词缀affix
词干stem
词干大于等于词缀——friendships:friend or friendship
inflectional morphemes屈折词缀
仅后缀(改变语法属性,不改变词意)-s/-ed/-ing
apple-apples
derivational morphemes派生词缀
前后缀(改变词意)dis-/un-/-ness
direct-indirect
词的形成
复合法compounding
向心复合词endocentric compound
steamboat
离心复合词exocentric compound
egghead书呆子
派生法derivation
加前缀:agree-disagree
加后缀:differ-difference
词汇变化lexical change
invention创新词:nylon
blending混成词:smoke+fog=smog
abbreviation or clipping截断词:influenza-flu
initialism首字母连写词:WTO
acronym首字母拼写词:APEC
back-formation逆构词法:editor-edit
analogical creation类推构词:white collar--blue collar
borrowing借词法
句法范畴syntactic categories
noun/noun phrase
verb/verb phrase
限定词determiner
adjective
adverb
代词pronoun
助动词auxiliary verb
介词短语prepositional phrase
单词间涵义关系
同义关系synonymy
同义词synonym的差别
文体stylistic:buy/purchase
地域dialectal:fall/autumn
搭配collocational:accuse of/charge with
情感emotive:thrifty/stingy
语义semantic:enough/ample
反义关系antonymy
反义词antonym
gradable antonymy等级反义(存在中间状态):long-short
complementary antonymy互补反义:boy-girl
converse antonymy反向反义(不同角度):buy-sell,employer-employee
上下位关系hyponymy
上位词hypernym:vegetable,flower
下位词hyponym:carrot,cabbage
一词多义polysemy
同音/同形异义homonymy
同音异义homophone:night/knight
同形异义homograph:lead/research
同形同音异义complete homonym
句子间涵义关系
X is synonymous with Y(X与Y同义)
X:He was a bachelor all his life
Y: He never got married all his life
X is inconsistent with Y(X与Y不一致)
X:I live in Beijing
Y: I have never been to Beijing
X entails Y/Y is an entailment of X(X蕴含Y)
X:Sue and Fred went to the party
Y: Sue went to the party
X presupposes Y/Y IS prerequisite of Y(预设关系)Y是X的前提条件
X:John's girlfriend is angry to him
Y:John has a girlfriend
言语行为speech acts
言内行为/发话行为locutionary act
言外行为/行事行为illocutionary act:有潜台词
言后行为/取效perlocutionary act:说话后产生的影响
直接言语行为direct speech act
间接言语行为indirect speech act:旁敲侧击
会话含义理论conversational implicature
合作原则cooperative principle
quantity数量准则
言简意赅、回答要包含所需的信息
quality质量准则
不要说假话、缺乏证据的话
relation关系准则
说话要有联系,不能答非所问
manner方式准则
避免晦涩、歧义,要简明有序
修辞学rhetoric
词义修辞手段
明喻simile
暗喻metaphor
借代/转喻metonymy
一群红领巾跑过来了
Only a knife(手术) could save him
提喻synecdote
They share the same roof
China beat Korea in a soccer game yesterday
隐喻/典故allusion
拟人personification
夸张hyperbole
矛盾修饰法oxymoron
old young man世故的年轻人
委婉euphemism
移就transferred epithet
He lay all night on a sleepless pillow
押韵rhyme
押头韵alliteration/initial rhyme/head rhyme
蒹葭、蜘蛛、pills and potions
押尾韵end rhyme
反韵reverse rhyme
night、nine、knife
准押韵assonance
gate-make
头尾韵pararhyme
love-live