语言学第三章

胡壮麟语言学教程第五版Chapter 3 Words and Morphology，Morpheme is the basic component of word formation

Chapter 3 Words and Morphology

• The Nature of Words
  • Word
    • word can stand alone
      • a word can stand alone in the sense of phonology as a word represents a phonological domain within which pauses will not fall
      • a word can stand on its own in terms of its structure, a word cannot be divided by inserting an extra word in it
      • a word can stand alone in terms of its grammatical performance, a word is the minimal occupant of the category slot within our utterances
    • the smallest unit of language that people can understand if it is said or written on its own
    • complex word
      • a word that contains more than one morpheme
    • simple word
      • a word that contains only one morpheme
  • Function words/Closed class words
    • the number of function words is small and stable, they are not conveying concrete content but fulfilling a grammatical function
    • complementiser
    • demonstrative
    • auxiliary verb
    • conjunction
    • preposition
    • pronoun
    • article
  • Morpheme
    • is the basic component of word formation
    • the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning of function
  • Lexeme
    • a family of words that differ only in their grammatical endings for number, case, tense, participle form, etc.
  • Content words/Open class words
    • express concrete meaning, signify the relationship between language and the world
    • adjective
    • adverb
    • noun
    • verb
  • phoneme
    • the smallest phonological unit that distinguishes meaning
  • Morphology
    • the study of word formation
• Type of Morphemes
  • Word formation
    • affix
      • circumfix
        • exhibit the properties of both prefixes and suffixes
      • a bound morpheme that cannot serve as a root
        • able?
      • infix
        • are inserted between a morpheme
      • prefix
        • precedes other morphemes
      • suffix
        • follows other morphemes
    • root
      • when a word is formed, there is always a morpheme that serves as the root, which is the base of the word
    • stem
      • can be either an independent word, or a base to which an extra bound morpheme can be added
  • Allomorph
    • phonologically distinct variants of the same morpheme in the terms of meaning or grammatical function
    • unpredictable/irregular allomorphs
      • e.g., go, went, gone
    • predictable/regular allomorphs
      • e.g., a, an, in-, im-
  • Bound morpheme
    • must be attached to another one
  • Free morpheme
    • can be a word by itself
• Morphological Processes
  • Inflection
    • never changes the category of the base lexeme
    • never changes the meaning of the base lexeme
    • more productive than deprivational ones
    • grammatical function
    • stem+suffix
  • Morphological rules
    • the rules according which morpheme are put together to get lexemes or words
  • Compounding
    • coordinative compounds
      • the two lexeme are equal
        • e.g., teacher-student
    • subordinative compounds
      • one of the sub-components is understood to be the argument of the other
        • e.g., truck-driver
    • attributive compounds
      • one lexeme modifying the other
        • e.g., windmill
    • stem+stem
  • Derivation
    • in English:(prefix(es))root(suffix(es))
      • e.g., unsystematically
    • stem(root/root+affix)+affix
    • lexeme function
  • Acronyms
    • formed by the first letters of the words
      • e.g., world trade organization→ WTO
  • Coinage
    • the introduction of completely new words
  • Clipping
    • shortening of longer word
      • e.g., demonstration→demo
  • Blending
    • part of lexeme1+part of lexeme2
      • e.g., smog(smoke+ fog)
  • Backformation
    • stem-affix
      • e.g.burglar→burgle

Chapter 3 Words and Morphology

• The Nature of Words
  • Word
    • word can stand alone
      • a word can stand alone in the sense of phonology as a word represents a phonological domain within which pauses will not fall
      • a word can stand on its own in terms of its structure, a word cannot be divided by inserting an extra word in it
      • a word can stand alone in terms of its grammatical performance, a word is the minimal occupant of the category slot within our utterances
    • the smallest unit of language that people can understand if it is said or written on its own
    • complex word
      • a word that contains more than one morpheme
    • simple word
      • a word that contains only one morpheme
  • Function words/Closed class words
    • the number of function words is small and stable, they are not conveying concrete content but fulfilling a grammatical function
    • complementiser
    • demonstrative
    • auxiliary verb
    • conjunction
    • preposition
    • pronoun
    • article
  • Morpheme
    • is the basic component of word formation
    • the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning of function
  • Lexeme
    • a family of words that differ only in their grammatical endings for number, case, tense, participle form, etc.
  • Content words/Open class words
    • express concrete meaning, signify the relationship between language and the world
    • adjective
    • adverb
    • noun
    • verb
  • phoneme
    • the smallest phonological unit that distinguishes meaning
  • Morphology
    • the study of word formation
• Type of Morphemes
  • Word formation
    • affix
      • circumfix
        • exhibit the properties of both prefixes and suffixes
      • a bound morpheme that cannot serve as a root
        • able?
      • infix
        • are inserted between a morpheme
      • prefix
        • precedes other morphemes
      • suffix
        • follows other morphemes
    • root
      • when a word is formed, there is always a morpheme that serves as the root, which is the base of the word
    • stem
      • can be either an independent word, or a base to which an extra bound morpheme can be added
  • Allomorph
    • phonologically distinct variants of the same morpheme in the terms of meaning or grammatical function
    • unpredictable/irregular allomorphs
      • e.g., go, went, gone
    • predictable/regular allomorphs
      • e.g., a, an, in-, im-
  • Bound morpheme
    • must be attached to another one
  • Free morpheme
    • can be a word by itself
• Morphological Processes
  • Inflection
    • never changes the category of the base lexeme
    • never changes the meaning of the base lexeme
    • more productive than deprivational ones
    • grammatical function
    • stem+suffix
  • Morphological rules
    • the rules according which morpheme are put together to get lexemes or words
  • Compounding
    • coordinative compounds
      • the two lexeme are equal
        • e.g., teacher-student
    • subordinative compounds
      • one of the sub-components is understood to be the argument of the other
        • e.g., truck-driver
    • attributive compounds
      • one lexeme modifying the other
        • e.g., windmill
    • stem+stem
  • Derivation
    • in English:(prefix(es))root(suffix(es))
      • e.g., unsystematically
    • stem(root/root+affix)+affix
    • lexeme function
  • Acronyms
    • formed by the first letters of the words
      • e.g., world trade organization→ WTO
  • Coinage
    • the introduction of completely new words
  • Clipping
    • shortening of longer word
      • e.g., demonstration→demo
  • Blending
    • part of lexeme1+part of lexeme2
      • e.g., smog(smoke+ fog)
  • Backformation
    • stem-affix
      • e.g.burglar→burgle