Transition to the Modern Age

英语国家概况的 Chapter 2 History ，主要概述了英语国家，尤其是英国的历史发展脉络。

Transition to the Modern Age

• Religious Reformation宗教改革
  • Background
    • Inevitable Conflict between the church and the king
      • divine right of kings 君权神授
    • Discontent Among the Masses
    • Suspicions of corruption（腐败）within the church
  • Immediate Cauese直接原因
    • Henry VII‘s Desire to Divorce
  • Reform Measures
    • declaring a break with Rome 与罗马教会决裂
    • suppression of the monasteries（镇压修道院） and confiscated（没收） the property of the church
    • issued the Act of Supremacy《至尊法案/统一法案》and declared himself to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England
      • solidified（巩固） the country’s break from the Rome Catholie Church and symbolized a significant assertion of royal authority（皇家权威）
  • Key Figures
    • Henry VIII Played a central role in instigating and steering the English Reformation, shaping the nation's religious identity for centuries to come.
    • Mary I‘s reign marked a significant period of counter-reformation（反对宗教改革） and religious turbulence（宗教动荡） within England.
    • Elizabeth I Instrumental in stecring England towards religious stability（宗教稳定） and championing the establishment of the Anglican Church(英国国教教会）.
      • 不受罗马教控制
      • 支持新教——英国国教
      • 保持天主教的教义、习俗
• The Civil War英国内战
  • James I （1566-1625）
    • 苏格兰亲王 “The House of Stuart”“littl Gods on earth” 君权神授 产生了很多新的教派 颁布打压清教徒的政策
  • Charles I （ -1649）
    • parliamentary clashes over monopolies（垄断议会冲突） control commercial activities
    • King Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629, and ruled the country without it for eleven years.
    • The various classes in England soon split up into two camps:Parliament:merchants, artisans and apprentices, peasants/King: gentry,big landlords and monopolists
    • the civil war （1642-1651）：between the Royalists（the Cavalier 保王党人）&Parliamentarians（Roundheads 圆颅党人）
      • the monarchy was abolished and England was declared a commonwealth（共和国）
  • The Commonwealth（共和国）（1649-1660）
    • Cromwell become the head of the Commonwealth Conservative
    • in social reforms and protected property ownership 增加税收
    • In 1660, Parliament had restored Charles II as king of England.
      • This put an end to the Commonwealth
• Restoration and the Glorious Revolution王朝复辟和光荣革命
  • 1688:joint sovereign of William and Mary
  • 1689:Bill of Rights
    • Formally An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown(1689)
    • passed by the Parliament in 1689
    • The main purpose: to declare（宣布） illegal various practices of James Ⅱ•
    • Significance:limiting the power of the monarch and guaranteeing the authority of Parliament限制君主权力和保证议会权威
    • removed the ruling monarch and established Constitutional Monarchy推翻了君主专制，建立了君主立宪制
• The Industrial Revolution工业革命
  • Seven year's war 七年战争（1756-1763）
  • The Industrial Revolution took place first in Britain for the following reasons（发生原因）
    • huge market —supported commerce &raw materials
    • colonies(殖民地） in French, America and India—capital（资本）
    • enclosure movement（圈地运动）—labor
  • A series of important inventions in the textile（纺织） industry marked the beginning of Industrial Revolution（开始）
    • Spinning Jenny詹尼纺纱机
    • Water frame水力纺纱机
    • Spinning mule（骡子）走锭纺纱机
    • Power loom动力织布机
    • Steam engine 蒸汽机
  • Cheap Means of Transportation
    • canals were dug to ship goods
    • the steam locomotive was invented in 1814
    • the first railway was completed in 1825
    • large merchant fleet大型商船队
  • By the middle of 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain（完成）
  • The influence（影响): Britain changed in many ways
    • dramatically increased industrial productivity极大地提高了工业生产率
    • the process of urbanization城市化进程
    • changes in the social class structure社会阶层结构的变化
    • the conflict between the capitalists（资产阶级） and the proletarians(无产阶级)—the most important political issue