新编简明英语语言学教程思维导图

语言学第八章主要内容思维导图，从社会语言学的范围和语言的多样性两个部分对其做了介绍，有不足之处欢迎指正喔。

Chapter 8 Language and Society

• Variety of language
  • Dialectal varieties
    • Regional dialect
    • Sociolect
    • Language and gender
    • Language and age
    • Idiolect
    • Ethnic dialect
  • Register
    • Field of disourse 语场
      • field， aim ,theme
    • Tenor of discourse语旨
      • the relationship of participants
    • Mode of discourse语式
      • speaking/writing
  • Degree of formality
    • intimate
    • casual
    • consultative
    • formal
    • frozen
• Standard dialect
  • employed by government and the judiciary system
• Pidgin and Creole
  • Pidgin:It is a special language variety that mixes or blends language sand it used by people who speak different language for restricted purpose, such as trading.
    • Limited vocabbulary
    • A very reduced grammatical structure characterized by the loss of infection, gender and case.
  • Creole:When a Pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community,and is acquired by the children of that speech community at the native language. It's sad to have become a Creole.
    • The structure of the original Pidgin is expanded to enable is to fulfill its new functions.
    • The vocabulary is vastly enriched, and new syntactic-semantic concepts developed.
• Choosing a code
  • Diglossia双语
    • It refers to a situation where to varieties of language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play
    • Feature:specialization of function of the two varieties两种语言变体功能的具体化
  • Bilingualism and multilingualism双语现象和多语现象
    • Bilingualism
      • It is a situation where two languages are used side by side，with each having a different role to play.
      • Language switching occurs when the situation changes
    • Multilingualism
  • Code-switching语码转换
    • definition
      • 语码转化是指说话者或写作者从一种语言或语言变体转又另一种语言或语言变体的现象。
    • Situational Code-switching语码转换
      • 不同情境使用不同的语言
    • Metaphorical Code-switching隐喻语码转换
      • 话题转变语言也随之转变
• Linguistic taboos and Euphemisms
  • Taboo:It is a term that is avoided for religious，political or sexual reasons and is usually replaced by a Euphemism.
    • eg:用 restroom or bathroom 代替toilet
  • Euphemisms:Refers to the use of a word which is thought to be less offensive or unpleasant than another world.
    • eg:用pass away 代替die
• The scope of sociolinguistics
  • Defiition of sociolinguistics
    • study the relation between language and society
    • the users of language and the social structures in which the users of language live
  • The reletedness beween language and society
    • Language can establish and maintain social relationship
    • The language is in part determined by social background
  • Speech community and speech variety
    • Speech community: The social group that is singled out for any special study
    • Speech variety: Refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers linguistic features of a speech variety
  • Two approach to sociolinguistic studies