第五章 语义学

语言学第五章语义学的思维导图，介绍了其定义、关于语义研究的几点看法、词义、句子之间的感觉关系、意义解析几个方面的内容，有需要的小伙伴可以收藏起来喔。

Chapter 5 semantics

• definition
  • the study of meaning
  • different focus of interst
    • philosophers
      • The relations between linguistic expressions and what they refer to in the real world and in evaluating the truth value of linguistic expression
    • psychologists
      • the workings of the human mind through language
    • semantics
      • the meaning of words, phrase, and sentences
• some views concerning the study of meaning
  • The naming theory(Plato)
    • Words are just names or labels for things
    • Problems with the naming theory
      • The theory seems applicable to announce only(V/Adj/Adv×，think，hard，slowly)
      • There are nouns in denoting things that do not exist in the real world at all(ghost,dragon,unicorn)
      • There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but obstract notions(sadness, joy,impluse)
      • Some words may have different meanings in different contexts(like 喜欢/像）
      • The same reference may have different names(morning star/evening star)
  • The conceptualist view(Ogden&Richards)
    • problem
      • what exactly is meant by "thinking a concept"
    • Thought/reference(fur, a tail)
  • Contextualism(J.R.Firth)
    • two kinds of context
      • situational context
      • linguistic conext
      • model
        • speakerA-language-speakerB
  • Behaviourism(Bloomfield)
    • situation in which the speaker utterers it and the response it calls forth in the hearer
    • model
      • A sees an apple→A says"I am thirsty"→B hears it→B picks an apple for A
• lexical meaning
  • sense&reference
    • sense:Inherent meaning of a linguistic form; the collection of all is feature; abstract and decontextualized(dictionary compliers)
    • reference:What a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world; the relationship between the linguistic elements and non-linguistic world of experience
  • Major sense relations
    • Synonym
      • Dialectal synonyms
        • eg
          • autumn fall
      • stylistic synonyms
        • eg
          • dad father
      • synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning
      • collocatiobal synonyms
      • semantically different synonyms
    • Polysemy
    • homonymy
      • homophones
      • homographs
      • complete homonyms
    • hyponyms上下义关系
      • superordiate上义词
      • hypnonyms下义词
      • co-hypnonyms
    • Antonymy
      • gradable antonyms
      • complementary antonyms
      • relational opposites
• sense relations between sentences
  • X is synonymous with Y同义
  • X is inconsistent with Y矛盾
  • X entails Y
    • X
      • Y
  • X presupposes Y
    • Y
      • X
  • X is contradiction自相矛盾
  • X is semantically anomalous语用失误
• Analysis of meaning
  • analyze lexical meaning
    • Componential analysis
  • analyze sentence meaning
    • Prediction analysis
• symbol/form(dog)
• referent(concrete objects in the word)