PPE

ACCA fr，内含有tangible asset、 recognition、 initial measurement。

PPE

• tangible asset
  • held for use in
    • production
    • supply of goods or services
    • for rental to others?
  • are expected to be used during more than one period
• recognition
  • probable that the future economic benefites
    • which will flow to equity
  • cost can be measured reliably
• initial measurement
  • cost
    • includes
      • puechase price of an asset(less trade discount)-import duties and non refundable pruchase taxs
      • directly attributable costs
        • cost of site preparation
        • initial delivery and handling costs
        • installation and assembly costs
        • professional fees
        • testing
    • excludes
      • Administration and other general overhead costs
        • 开办和类似的生产前费用
      • • Start-up and similar pre-production costs
        • 启用成本和类似的生产前费用
      • • Initial operating losses before the asset reaches planned performance
        • 达到计划执行情况之前的初始运营损失
      • • Staff training
  • replacement
    • composite parts
      • depreciation should be seperated as they have different useful lives
    • IAS 16
      • require replacement at regular intervals
      • carrying amount will include the cost of replacing the part
      • to meet the recoginition criteria
  • exchanges are measured at fair value,unless
    • lacks commercial substance
      • 缺乏商业实质
    • fair value of neither of assets exchanged can be measured reliably
      • 公允价值无法被可靠计量
    • its cost is measured at the carrying amount of asset given up
      • 成本按照放弃资产的账面金额价值计量？
  • overhaul
    • cost is treated as an additional component
      • 定期检修费用作为附加部分处理
    • depreciated over the period to the next overhaul
      • 从此期间折旧至下一次检修
• Subsequent measurement
  • two accounting models
    • cost model
      • cost - accumulated depreciation and impairment loss
    • revaluation model
      • fair value at the date of revaluation - subsequent depreciation and impairment loss
      • only if the fair value of the item can be measured reliably
  • depreciation
    • should be allocated on a systemetic basis over its useful llife
    • be used when reflect the pattern in which the assets economic benefits are consumed by the entity
    • should be recognised as an expense
      • unless it is included in the carrying amount of another asset
    • methods
      • straight line=(cost - residual value) ÷useful economic life
      • reducing balance = depreciation%*(cost - accumulated depreciation)
    • be reviewed at least at each financial year end
    • any change is accounted for prospectively as a change in estimate under IAS8
    • begins when the asset is available for use
      • continues until the asset is derecognised
        • even it is idle
  • revaluation model
    • fair value
      • IFRS13： the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfeer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date
    • where market price is unvailable, use
      • current replacement cost
        • adjusted for obsolescence
      • prensent value
    • If an item is revalued, the entire class of assets to which that asset belongs should be revalued.
    • frequency depends
      • on the volatility of the fair values of individual items of PPE
    • result in
      • increase
        • should be credited to
          • other comprehensive income
        • and accumulated in equity
          • under the heading “revalution surplus”
            • unless it represents the reserval of a revaluation decrease of the same asset previously recognised as an expense
              • 代表对先前确认为支出的同一资产的重估减少的逆转
            • in which case it should be recognised as income
              • 此时计为收入
      • decrease
        • recognised as an expense
          • exceeds any amount previously credit to the revaluation surplus
    • when a revalued asset is being depreciated
      • an upward revaluation means that the depreciation charge will increase
    • revaluation surplus
      • realize when the asset is sold
      • but when it is being depreciated
        • part of that surplus is being realised as the asset is used
      • amount
        • the difference between depreciation charged on the revalued amount
        • the lower depreciation would have been charged on the asset original cost
        • this amount can be transferred to retained earnings but not through profit or loss!
• retirements and disposals
  • definition
    • when permanently withdraw from use, or sold or scrapped,and no future economic benefits are expected from its disposal
      • the asset should be withdrawn from the statement of financial position
    • gains or losses are the difference between the estimated net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset
      • 估计净处置收益与资产账面金额之间的差额确认为损益
• Disclosure
  • the measurement bases used for determining the amounts
    • accounting policies
  • class
    • for PPE
      • Depreciation methods used
      • • Useful lives or the depreciation rates used
      • • Total depreciation allocation for the period
      • • Gross amount of depreciable assets and the related accumulated
      • depreciation at the beginning and end of the period.
    • for revalued assets
      • Basis used to revalue the assets
      • • Effective date of the revaluation
        • 重新估价的生效日期
      • • Whether an independent valuer was involved
        • 是否涉及独立的估价人
      • • Carrying amount of each class of property, plant and equipment that would
      • have been include in the financial statements had the assets been carried at
      • cost less depreciation
        • 如果资产以成本减去折旧，本应列入财务报表的各类PPE的结转额
      • • Revaluation surplus, indicating the movement for the period and any
      • restrictions on the distribution of the balance to shareholders.
        • ？