语言学教程 胡壮麟版语言学 第7章Language，culture，and society

这是一篇关于语言学教程 胡壮麟版语言学 第7章Language，culture，and society的思维导图，概述了语言、文化和社会的相互关系，特别是从人类学角度对语言学的研究。定义了人类学中的语言学研究，即探讨语言和文化之间关系的语言学分支。这也可以称为人类学语言学，其目的是通过研究社区的传统、信仰、社会行为和语言使用来更深入地理解给定的社区。人类学语言学的研究涉及多个方面，包括参与者的相关特征（如个性、行为等）、言语行为（包括口头和非口头行为）、语境理论（即交流发生的场景）、以及语言行为产生的效果。为人类学中的语言学研究提供了一个全面的框架，涵盖了语言、文化和社会的多个方面，以及它们之间的相互作用。

Language，culture，and society

• 7.1 Language and Culture
  • 1.How does Language relate to culture?
    • Anthropological study of Linguistics(人类语言学)
      • Malinowski马利诺夫斯基
      • Anthropological study of Linguistics is a linguistic branch aims tolook at the relationships between language and culture in a speech community. For this reason, it can alternatively be called anthropological linguistics. More specifically, practitioners of the filed want to know more about a given community by examining the correlation between the tradition of the community, beliefs, and social behavior of community members and their language use indifferent contexts of communication.语言学的人类学研究是研究语言和文化之间关系的语言学分支。因此，它也可以被称为人类学语言学。更具体地说，该领域的从业者希望通过研究社区传统、信仰、社区成员的社会行为和他们使用的语言之间的相关性来更多地了解给定的社区。
  • 2. What is context of situation?
    • context of situation（语境理论）
      • Firth（弗斯）
      • A)The relevant features of the participants, persons, personalities.参与者、个人、个性的相关特征。 (i)The verbal action of the participants.参与者的言语行为。 (ii) The non-verbal action of the participants.参与者的非言语行为。
      • B)The relevant objects.相关的话题内容
      • C) The effects of the verbal action.语言行为产生的效果
  • 3.Context of Situation in SF（广义语言能力）
    • All use of language has a context
    • 1) field of discourse: the 'play'-the kind of activity, as recognized in the culture,within which the language is playing some part
    • 2) tenor of discourse: the 'player' - the actors or rather the interacting roles,that are involved in the creation of the text
    • 3) mode of discourse: the 'parts' -the particular functions that are assigned tolanguage in this situation, and the rhetorical channel that is therefore allocated to it
  • 4.what is ethnography of communication？
    • ethnography of communication（交际民族学）
      • speech community（言语社团）
      • situation，event and act（场景时间行为）
      • mnemonic speaking component（交际民族学模式）
• 5.2 Language and Society（指称论）
  • DEFINITION:Referential theory is a theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for.把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来的理论，叫作指称论。
• 5.3 Cross-Cutural Communication

Words and Morphology

• What is a word？
  • Word is a unit of expression that native speakers may recognize by intuition,whether in spoken or written form. 词是个语言表达单位，无论是在口语还是在书面语中，说母语的人都能够凭直觉识别这个语言单位。
  • Three Senses of “Word” (词的三种含义)
    • (1) a physically definable unit; 词是自然的有界限的对立单位；
    • (2) both a general and specific term; (2)词既是一个普通术语又是一个专门术语；
    • (3) a grammatical unit. (3)词是一个语法单位。
  • Identification of Words (词的识别)
    • stability (稳定性)
    • relative uninterruptibility (相对连续性)
    • a minimum free form (最小的自由形式)
  • Classification of Words (词的分类)
    • Variable and invariable words (可变词和不变词)
      • Variable words：Write ，writes. writing. wrote. written. cat cat
      • Invariable words：since. when. seldom. through. etc