英语语言学 Word and Morphology 形态学 胡壮麟

英语语言学 Word and Morphology 形态学 胡壮麟，详细阐述了词与形态学的基本概念、词的独立性、结构、分类以及形态学过程，为理解英语语言学中的这两个重要概念提供了全面的视角。

Word and Morphology

• Word
  • Definition
    • A word contains one or more morphemes that can stand on its own
      • Stand alone in the sense of phonology
      • Stand alone on its own structure
      • Stand alone in terms of its grammatical performance
  • Identification of Words
    • Stability---internal structure 词内部的字母顺序不变
    • Relative uninterruptibility 相对连续性
      • New elements are not to be inserted into a word
    • Aminimum free form 最小的自由形式（Leonard Bloomfield提出）
      • ps：最大的自由形式——sentence
  • Three senses of Words
    • Word is a physical definable unit.
    • Word is both a general term and a specific term.
    • Word is a grammatical unit.
  • Classification of Words
    • Content words/Lexical words/Open class words
      • 1.Express concrete meaning 2.Membership is in principle infinte or unlimited
        • Noun名词 refers to a concrete object in the world
        • Verb动词 describes a dynamic activity
        • adjective形容词 provides information on the properties of an objects
        • adverb副词 modify a verb
    • Function words/Grammatical words/Closed class words
      • 1.Express grammatical meaning 2.Very few new function words will be added into the lexicon of a language
        • Pronoun代词 refer to an entity mentioned in the preceding sentence
        • Antecedent先行词
        • Demonstratives指示词
        • Articles冠词
        • Determiners限定词
        • Auxiliary verb 助动词
        • Preposition介词
        • Conjuctions连词
• Morphology
  • Definition
    • A branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed
  • Classification
    • 自由与黏着
      • Free morpheme
        • Morphemes on their own can stand as words
      • Bound morpheme
        • Morphemes cannot function as words by themselves
    • 词根、词缀和词干
      • Root
        • Base of the word 构成词的基础
      • Affix
        • A bound morpheme that cannot serve as a root，precedes other morphemes in a word 只能附加在另一个语素上的一类语素
      • Stem
        • Is formed，which can be either an independent word，or a base to which an extra bound morpheme can be added 能添加屈折词缀的语素
  • Morphological Processes
    • Major
      • Derivation---attaching an affix to an existing lexeme
      • Compounding---the latter involves the combination of lexemes
      • Inflection---not give rise to a new lexeme; yields different word forms of the same lexeme
    • Minor
      • Coinage---TV;computer
      • Blending---brunch=(br)eakfast+l(unch)
      • Backformation---editor→edit
      • Clipping---laboratory→lab
      • Acronyms---World Trade Organization→WTO