导图社区 语法结构
新编英语语法教程第一章,英语语法结构是英语句子内部的组成关系,它规定了单词在句子中的位置和作用。一个完整的英语句子通常包含主语、谓语两个主要成分,以及宾语、定语、状语等成分,这些成分根据语法规则组合在一起,形成完整的句子。
编辑于2024-08-09 09:50:32篇章 (构建语法框架)
词素 (自由词素/粘附词素)
自由词素
本身具有完整意义并能作为简单词simple word而单独使用的词素
Kind
充当词根加上词缀构成派生词
kindness\unkind\unkindness
和自他自由词素相结合,构成复合词
intake\take-over\takeaway
粘附词素
粘附词素指一些本身没有词义或者没有完整词义、不能单独存在、而必须粘附在其他形式上的词素。
词缀
主要
屈折词缀
eg:名词复数标记-s/-es;名词属格标记-'s;第三人称动词单数现在时标记-s/-es;动词过去时标记-ed;动词 -ed 分词和 -ing 分词标记 -ed,-ing;形容词和副词比较级和最高级标记-er,-est 等。
派生词缀
前缀 anti-war\postwar;后缀movement\careless;前后缀unlucky\inappropriateness
前缀:不影响词性,仅对意义加以修饰,表示否定、相反、贬低、向背、时间、程度、方位等。
否定:UN-:unfair; unhappy; unwilling ... NON-: nonsmoker; nonviolent
相反: 表达与原本词根相反的动作 de-: decrease; deduct; demolish dis-: discover, discourage
方式: mis-: misjudge, misdirect co-: cooperate, cochairman
程度:Super-:supermarket; superluxury... over-: overserious, overreact, overeat.. under-: underdevelop, undercook ..
方位: sub-: subway, submarine... trans: transatlantic, transfrontier
标注
后缀:具有较强语法作用,加在词根上构成派生词,不改变词根的基本意义,但改变词性
动词变名词 -ation: exploration,simplification.. -ment:arrangement,movement ..
形容词变名词 -ness: happiness,meanness
词素变体:表示相同意义的词素在不同单词上的变体
组合形式
新古典复合词:源自希腊文和拉丁文等古典文字的外来词:arch-,auto-,bi(o)-,-crat,-cracy, -dict, -duct, geo-, -graph, -graphy, hydro-, -logue, -logy, multi-, -phone, pseudo-, psych(o)-, -scope, techn(o)-, tele-
充当词根(粘附词根),不能独立存在,只能固定在某些词缀上构成派生词
Receive
与某些单词结合构成复合词,这类组合形式像是前缀,其实不是
minibus
组合形式彼此相结合构成特殊的复合词,叫做新古典复合词
词 (构词法:简单词、派生词、复合词/ 句法功能:封闭词类、开放词类)
比词素高一级,有一个或一个以上的词素构成
根据构词法
简单词:由单一词素构成,eg:at,by,in,on,hand,foot,get,back
派生词:由词根(主要是自由词根)+派生词缀构成。前缀不影响词性,影响词义。后缀大部分不改变词根的基本意义,但改变词性。
复合词:由两个或两个以上的自由词素构成,eg:deadline,world-famous,highlight,another,whenever,alongside
根据句法功能
封闭词类:function word,所有的功能词,没有完整词汇意义,但有语法意义,比较稳定,不能增生。
介词preposition: in,of,on,without,in spite of
代词pronoun: you,he,one,which,this,that
限定词determiner: a,the,this,some,any,no
连词conjunction: and,or,but,because,when,if
助动词auxiliary: do,can,may,must,will
开放词类:各种实意词,包括名词,形容词,副词,主动词(work,give,make,take,talk)
基于两者之间
基数词,序数词,感叹词
词组 (名词词组/动词词组/形容词词组/副词词组/介词词组)
比词高一级,由一个或一个以上的词构成的语法单位,是按照一定语法规则围绕一定中心词结合起来的一组词。中心词所属词类决定词组内部的组合方式,决定词组的类别。
分类
名词词组
可能只有一个中心词构成,也可能带有限定词及其他修饰词。
结构形式:(限定词)+(前置修饰词)+名词+(后置修饰词)
eg:his new book on biology. the author's new novel that will soon come out.
介词词组
与其他词组不同,介词词组不可能只包括一个中心词,单独不表意,介词之后必须跟有补足成分(介词宾语)介词词组之前有时还可带有修饰语。
结构形式:(修饰词)+介词+补足成分
eg:Do you think you can borrow some money from your friend? Now their footsteps could be heard directly above my head.
形容词词组
可以只包括一个形容词,也可以是“修饰词+形容词”or“形容词+补足成分”
结构形式:(修饰词)+形容词+(后置修饰语/补足成分)
eg:The weather is fine today. you are not careful enough. The weather is too hot to be enjoyable.
副词词组
结构形式:(修饰词)+副词+(后置修饰语)
He spoke loudly and clearly She spoke very clearly indeed. He lives farthest from the station
动词词组
以主动词(实义动词)为中心,instead of 助动词
分类
简单动词词组
只包括一个主动词/主动词+修饰词
she looks pale. They fully appreciate our problems
Appreciate:重视,充分重视我们的问题
复杂动词词组
一个或一个以上的助动词+主动词
It is getting dark(be getting,be 是助动词) She ought to have told him about it. I have rarely seen him since that day.
限定动词词组&非限定动词词组(非谓语动词)
特征判定:在形式上是否带有“时”的标记(有时还受受主语的“人称”和“数”的制约)
动词词组的第一个动词形式变
例子见复杂动词词组
动词词组的第一个动词形式不变
eg: We went there to see a film. Having seen the film, we had a discussion. Painted by a famous artist, the portrait is invaluable.
分句 (独立从句&从属分句/简单分句&复杂分句/主句&从句/限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句)
由一个或一个以上词组组成的,有完整主谓结构,能够表达完整含义的词组序列。
分类1
独立分句
不依附于其他结构,独立存在的分句。
eg:He knows everything about it. That hat does not fit; you may try another. Some of your answers were correct, but I do not remember which. His new book will soon come out.
从属分句
从属于其他结构的分句
eg: I'm sure he knows everything about it.(宾语从句) If that hat does not fit, try another.(条件状语从句) I do not remember which of your answers were correct.(宾语从句) His new book that will soon come out is on grammar.(定语从句)
分类2
简单分句
仅包括一个主谓结构的分句。
eg: It is not true.(独立简单分句/简单句) He said that it was not true.(从属简单分句)
复杂分句
带有其他主谓结构作为分句成分的分句。
eg:what you said is not true.(独立复杂分句/复杂句) He complained that what you said was not true. (从属复杂分句)
分类3
主句 VS 从句
He said that it was not true He complained that what you said was not true.
分类4
限定分句
以限定动词词组作为谓语动词的分句
He knows everything about it.
非限定分句
以非限定动词词组作为谓语动词的分句(包括 to do,-ing和-ed)
I signed the paper to get the license Leaving the room, he tripped over the mat. Covered with confusion, they apologized abjectly.
无动词分句
不带任何形式的动词词组组成的分句
Hungry and exhausted, the climbers returned. The most famous city in China, Beijing attracts many foreign tourists every year.
句子
主谓结构是否完整:完全句、不完全句 句子的结构形式:简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句