语法-冠词

这是一篇关于语法-冠词的思维导图，主要内容包括：泛指与特指，限定词，使不使用冠词的区别，不使用冠词（零冠词），不定冠词的使用，定冠词的使用，冠词的位置，冠词的分类。

语法-冠词

• 冠词的分类
  • 定义：名词前用来说明名词所表示的人或事物的虚词（虚词作句子中不做成分）且冠词不能脱离名词而独立存在。
    • 定冠词：the
    • 不定冠词： A/AN
      • a加在以辅音音素（不是辅音字母）开头的名词前。例：a university . a unique boy.
      • an加在以元音音素（不是元音字母）开头的名词前. an unkind lady. an hour . an honor.
• 冠词的位置
  • 一般放在名词或者名词短语前
    • 冠词+名词
    • 冠词+（形容词+名词）
      • 当作一个整体看
    • 冠词+（副词+形容词+名词）
      • a very pretty gift
    • 冠词+其他修饰语+名词
  • 特例：all/both/half+the+(adj)+n
    • all the year round全年/both the books are expensive.
• 不定冠词的使用
  • 表示类属中的“任何一个”
    • Students: How did I do on the test? Teacher: Well, actually you didn’t do very well. Don’t you have a tutor? Students: Yes, Mary’s been tutoring me for two weeks now. It’s been difficult to meet though, because I don’t have a car.
  • 用在某些物质名词前，表示“一阵”“一份”“一类”“一场”等（物质名词前面可以加a/an）for a drink
    • Have you got some water? I'm desperate for a drink.
  • 一些不可数的名词，表述其某一部分或者某一方面. have a long history(表示历史是整体)
    • receive a good education； have a long history； a knowledge of English and computer某一方面的知识 a population of 1 billion； a long time
  • 表示量度，价格的名词词组中，表示“每一”的概念。
    • • The rent is 100$ a week. • ten dollars a day.
  • 表示泛指a/an+单数n （这种用法只能用在主语位置，其他位置不表示泛指）a child needs love表示泛指。
• 定冠词的使用
  • the 的特指用法：说话人和听话人都知道的事物，或者根据上下文可以识别的独特某物。
    • • Shut the door, please! • Can you find the page? • I had a banana and an apple. I ate the banana and gave the apple to James. • I went to New York last week. The traffic is terrible.指纽约的交通，不一定非要是原词。因为大家都知道。
    • Yesterday I saw ___a__ dog and ___a__ cat. _the_ dog was chasing __the___ cat. __the___ cat was chasing ___a__ mouse. ___the__ mouse ran into ___a__ hole. But ___the__ hole was very small. ___the__ cat couldn’t t get into ___the__ hole, so it ran up __a___ tree. __the___ dog tried to climb __the___ tree too, but it couldn’t.
  • 用作有短语或者从句修饰的名词前加the
    • 定语从句的先行词前面一般加the
    • 名词有of的后置定语也要加the eg:The health of their patients.
    • pay more attention to the （有of后置定语加the）livelihood of the poor(the加形容词表示名词功能)
    • • The watch that you bought last week is expensive. • The house on the corner is mine.
    • 1. ___the_ flowers in that vase（定语前用the）are beautiful. 2. __the（我们都知道花就加the）/不加（花的总称，所有花这种东西）__ flowers are beautiful. 3. I don' t want to go swimming today. __the（特指前面泳池的水）__ water is too cold. 4. __不加，不可数也不是特定的__ health is more important than money. 5. Doctors are concerned with the（有短语修饰，关注的是病人的健康） health of their patients.
    • The rising crime rate is ___a（不能加the因为the翻译成那个，a翻译成一个）___ major concern of ___当成社会不加冠词____ society.增高的犯罪率是社会一大担忧。
  • 常识用the
    • 宇宙间独一无二的事物名词前面都可以加the (专有名词前不加the)
      • • the North Pole • the earth • the moon • the sky • the universe
  • 最高级、序数词、only/main/sole/same等词前面一般要加the
    • It was the best of times; it was the worst of times. The first thing to do is to work.
    • 特例，序数词不加the的情况：take first place；come out first；rank first 排行第一，不加the，固定用法。
  • 山、江、海、沙漠前面加the。
    • 特例：湖名前面不加the，太湖 lake tai 峨眉山mount emei 泰山 mount tai不加the
  • 表示方向、方位的名词前：in the south of China 中国南方（在内部） in south of China(中国以南)
    • 特例：from south to north从南到北
    • They lived in a small town in the South.常识用the
    • in front of在….前面， 有the是里面的前面
  • the+adj.表示一类人或者事物(有名词功能但本身还是形容词)
    • the old，the young, the sick, the disabled and the pregnant.
  • 有些固定词组中：tell the truth . all the same.by the way.in the past过去
• 限定词
  • 对名词起限定作用的各类词的总称
    • 冠词:the; an; a
    • 数词:one; first
    • 指示限定词:this; that; these; those
    • 物主限定词:my; your; his; her; our
    • 数量限定词:a few; a little; much; many; a lot of
    • 个体限定词:each; every; either; neither; both
    • 名词属格:Mary’s; his father’s
  • 与冠词（a、an、the）排斥的词，不能同时与冠词出现在名词前。
    • 1. 物主代词:my，your，her，his，our，their
    • 2. 指示代词: this，that，these，those
    • 3. 名词属格:Tom’s，John’s
• 不使用冠词（零冠词）
  • 季节、日期（星期、月份、节假日）、三餐、球类、棋类、语言、学科等名词前不加the（中国传统节日加the）
    • October 1st is our National Day. Friendship does not freeze in winter. We go to school from Monday to Friday. I'll never forget the summer of 2001.（后面有短语修饰，特指2001的夏天，加the）
    • When will lunch be ready? Do you like to play football or baseball?
    • English is an international language. I like physics though it's a bit difficult.
  • daybreak、dust、dawn、noon、midnight、sunset、sunrise、不加the在前面，一般加介词at，表示时间段的名词。
    • We left home at sunrise. The workers ate fast food at noon. At daybreak we started our journey.
  • by+交通工具前不加the eg:by air
    • by foot； by bus； by air
  • 国外的乐器加the中国的乐器不加the(拼音不加the)
  • 名词前有某些限定词时候（即与冠词排斥的词，不能同时与冠词在名词前）the an a
    • 物主代词my /your/ her/ his/ our/ their
    • 指示代词this /that/ these/ those
    • 名词属格tom's/john's
    • 错误示范
      • tom's the book(X)
      • The Tom's book(X)
      • 可以改成：an apple of mine.
  • 某些词有很多意思，不同语义决定是否需要冠词
    • Society
      • 不用冠词：社会
      • 需用冠词：社团或特指某种社会
    • Space
      • 不加冠词：太空 ，空间
      • 加冠词：间隔( a/one space)
    • Nature
      • 不加冠词：大自然 ，自然界
      • 加冠词：词天性 ，本性
• 泛指与特指
  • 泛指
    • 概念：一类事物、某种事物的总称
      • 1.（/）不可数名词。（抽象物质名词）
        • life is hard sometimes.泛指
        • The writer is writing a book about the life of blacks in America.特指
        • ___the（定语从句）_____ human problems that repeat themselves in ___/_____ life repeat themselves in ____/____ literature.
      • 2.（/）复数名词
        • pandas are docile animals复数名词前不加冠词往往是泛指
        • The pandas are climbing the trees.特指，不可能所有熊猫都爬树，特指那一只
        • I am afraid of dogs. （泛指）I am afraid of the dogs.（特指，复数名词加the是特指）
        • The giant panda is a kind of docile animal.泛指
        • The giant panda escaped from the zoo特指
      • 3.the +单数名词
        • 较正式，文雅，由一个典型的样品代表一整个类别。
          • the whale is the largest mammal on earth.泛指，世界独一无二加the。必须是泛指，鲸鱼这一类
          • the whale is dead 特指，一只死了
          • the加单数名词一定要通过上下语境判断泛指还是特指
          • • The panda is cute.（可以泛指可以特指） • Pandas are cute.（泛指） • The panda is sleeping.（特指）
      • 4. a/an 单数名词
        • 某一事物中任何一个具有代表性的成员，相当于any.
          • A child needs love.所有孩子需要爱
          • children need love
          • 这种用法只能用在主语位置，放在其他位置不表示泛指。“小孩都需要爱”
            • 比如 i saw a child，我看到一个孩子。
          • A tiger is a dangerous animal.泛指，随便一只代表整体。 The tiger is a dangerous animal.（泛指，不能是特指，那只老虎是一只危险的动物语义奇怪） Tigers are dangerous animals.（泛指）
          • A teacher should be patient with his students.一个人代表整体，只能放主语
      • 5.the+adj 一类人，泛指。相当于名词复数的功能。单数形式用复数表达。the unemployed are in need of our help.
        • 注意：不能用the poor's表示所属关系，只能用of形式，比如the livelihood of the poor.因为还是形容词意思，只是用了名词的功能
  • 特指
    • 某类事物中具体的某一个或某一些。
• 使不使用冠词的区别
  • 不加冠词：表示去该场所做该做的事情。 加冠词：用the特指一个地方，表示去那里做别的事情。
    • in the front of (在里面的前面)/ in front of在外面的前面
    • in office / in the office
    • at table/at the table 吃饭/在桌子旁
    • go to bed; go to the bed；睡觉/去床上
    • come out of hospital; come out of the hospital
    • go to school; go to the school
    • in office; in the office；上任/在办公室里
    • out of office; out of the office；卸任/不在办公室
    • by day/by the day；在白天/按日结算
    • by the hour=100💲 an hour 按小时算。只有与by搭配时用the hour表示按小时算。
    • His mother is in hospital and he has been in the hospital to take care of her.她妈住院了，他去医院照顾他妈
    • He is in prison. He is often invited to the prison to give lectures.（探监）
    • she left on Monday.本周一/ on a Monday某个周一，是不确切的某一周的固定周一/on the Monday特指那一个周一/on Mondays每周一
    • 1. Every term parents are invited to __the school___ to meet the teachers. 2. Why aren't your children at __school____ today? Are they ill? 3. When he was younger, Ted hated ___school___. 4. What time does ___school_（不能加the，因为只能说上学的时间）_ start in the mornings in your country?
    • Ted couldn‘t remember the exact date of the storm他记不起是具体那一天, 但他记的是一个周天but he knew it was __the_特指那个一个周天____Sunday because everybody was at ___/（特指礼拜天做礼拜，有背景知识）____ church.