导图社区 语法—名词
这是一篇关于语法——名词的思维导图,主要内容包括:名词变复数规则,名词在句子中的作用,名词的所有格,名词的数,名词的分类。
编辑于2025-01-01 15:58:00语法——名词
名词的分类
1.名词的定义:用来表示人物,地点,以及抽象事物的
人:mother
物:milk
地点:China,airpoart
抽象事物:happiness,love,belief,sacrifice
2.名词的分类
专有名词(proper):主要指人名,地名,以及某类人和事物的专有名称。
Mrs. Smith, Einstein, Doctor John; Beijing, the Yellow River,the Pearl River,Yangtze River; the Cable News Network (CNN)美国有线新闻网; United Nations,United States; May, Saturday, the Spring Festival国外节日不加the,中国的节日加the; A Tale of Two Cities, Gone with the Wind;
普通名词(common):指一类人,事物,物质或者抽象概念的名称
可数名词C
个体名词:用来指单个人或者事物的名词
He has two sisters.
集体名词:用来指一群人或者一些事物总称的名词
army(一个队伍) ;audience(台上的所有人) ;bacteria(一群细菌);media ;company;data
集体中的个体不能数,整体可以数。两支军队
不可数名词U
物质名词:用来指无法分为个体的物质,材料的名词
beer ;cotton; cake ;detergent清洁剂 ;cloth ;fertilizer; coffee; fur
抽象名词:用来指人或事物的品质,情感,状态,动作等抽象概念的名词
absence ;beauty; cancer; childhood; comfort; confidence ;death ;experience(经验)
在特定情况下都是可数的
名词的数
不可数名词
无法分割的词(物质名词,是一种概念):
air paper; coffee; thunder; oil ;bread ;tea; glass ;blood; butter;water ;meat; wine; yogurt ;electricity
组成部分太小不易数的词:
sugar; popcorn ;snow; sand; salt ;grass;rice ;hair
抽象的名词:
advice; fun; happiness ;love ;beauty; health ;luck; crime; help; music; ;education; information ;nature; truth; energy;noise ;unemployment; experience; knowledge; nutrition
表示总称的词
总称的概念
clothing ;
food;
名词修饰名词除了sports car(跑车)其余都是单数名词来修饰名词
Read the labels on food products.
This information will tell you how nutritious the foods (指有营养的食物“种类”)are.
Avoid eating foods具体指高糖食物的这多少种类 that are high in sugars.
Complex carbohydrates provide the body with "fuel". They are found in fruits and vegetables, and in bread, rice, pasta, and other foods(分类的) made from grains.
The body uses protein to build muscles, and it uses fat to absorb the vitamins in food所有食物中.
Protein and fat are found in foods这类食物中,不是所有食物 like milk, cheese, meat, fish, and eggs.
furniture;
fruit
luggage
makeup
homework
jewelry
money/cash
表示该总称概念下的具体事物,常常可数
sweaters,pants, dresses
eggs ,hamburgers;vegetables,
chairs, tables , beds , wardrobes
apples, oranges, bananas, cherries
bags, suitcases
lipsticks, eye shadows
compositions, exercises, readings
rings, earrings, necklaces
nickels, dimes, dollars
可数名词
物质名词或者总称名词,若表示不同的种类,或者特定的含义,在这种语义下是可数
i need some paper to write a letter.
i have a term paper to write.
i bought a paper.
I don’t like milk.
Yogurt contains a higher percentage of lactic acid than other fermented milks.(发酵的牛奶种类)
抽象名词具体化是可数的
modern art 统称艺术 Knitting is an art.表示某一种艺术形式
She had great beauty in her youth. She was a beauty in her youth.
I need some paper表示纸不可数 to write on.
If you want to know the news in detail, you can read a paper .表示报纸可数
可数与不可数是相对的,当说种类的时候说可数的,当说一个概念时不可数
名词变复数规则
一般名词的复数加s或者es的方式构成:brothers
以s.x.ch.sh结尾的词加es:foxes buses, foxes, watches, dishes
以辅音+y结尾的词变y为i再加es:ladies
以元音+y结尾的专有名词的复数形式直接加s:toy → toys; monkey → monkeys ;guy → guys
以o结尾的词,许多加es构成复数:heroes,potatoes, tomatoes, echoes
特例:videos、radios、studios ,zoos, bamboos, kangaroos, taboos, kilos, photos,
以f或者fe结尾的词,通常变f为v再加es:half——halves ;leaf——leaves; self——selves; thief——thieves ;shelf——shelves ;calf——calves ;wife——wives ;knife——knives(e)s;loaf——loaves ;wolf——wolves;elf——elves; life——lives(生命可数)
有些可数名词的复数形式没有规则:foot → feet ;man → men ;mouse → mice; tooth → teeth ;goose → geese
英语有一些外来词,在构成复数时候,有些保留了原有的复数形式:analysis-analyses;diagnosis → diagnoses; crisis → crises;criterion → criteria ; phenomenon → phenomena ;thesis → theses
合成词的复数形式
多数合成词以在结尾加(e)s词尾的方式构成复数:theatre-goers;grown-ups
有少数合成词,把(e)s词尾加在主题词后面:lookers-on;passers-by ; brothers-in-law
以man和woman构成的合成词变成复数时候,把man和woman改成复数:chairman- chairmen;policewoman—policewomen ;gentleman—gentlemen
在以man和woman修饰时候,这两个词要连同主题词一起变:man servant - men servants;woman doctor—women doctors
man.woman作定语修饰复数名词时候,需变为复数形式,而girl,boy作定语修饰复数时候则不变:two men doctors. four boy friends
修饰可数名词的修饰语:没有特例,不能加可数名词:few .a few.several.many.a great many.a number of;a large/great number of; (large/great) numbers of;
修饰不可数名词的修饰语:little ;a little;a great deal of;a bit of;much;little knowledge ; a great deal of waste
既可以修饰可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词的修饰语:a lot of;most;some;lots of;plenty of;enough;any
不可数名词的度量
不能被a.an修饰:a piece of news ; two pieces of news ;several pieces of furniture
不能被基数词修饰:bottle; cup; drop; glass—————— glass of milk ;two glasses of wine; several drops of blood
只有复数的名词
两部分组成的工具,服装:jeans, glasses spectacles ,scissors,jeans ,trousers, shorts
That's a nice pair of pants.也可以数
单形复义的名词:people(实际上是person的复数形式),police(所有警察团队)
There was only one person in the room.表示个体用单数
• There were many people in the room.表示复数
• The Chinese are an industrious people.表示民族
Police in Guangdong Province are investigating an organized cheating operation. • Why don't you ask a policeman?
two policemen
the + adj 表示一类人,当作名词的复数形式
不能加‘s所有格,因为只是有了名词功能但是本身还是形容词 比如the poor's就不行要用of结构
名词的所有格
‘s主要表示有生命的名词所属关系,通常用在姓名,人称,不定代词,集体名词,和高等动物等的名称后
表达所属关系,指某人所拥有的人或者物:my father-in-law's company;my sister’s boyfriend
表达所有格名词说明被修饰语的数量:a ady's delay;a week’s pay;a year’s time;Today is yesterday’s pupil. ;It was a winter’s morning. ; a stone’s throw; ten dollars 'worth of oil
表达动宾关系:被动关系,the boy's punishment男孩被惩罚children’s education
表达主谓关系:主动关系: the guest's arrival客人到来;• the ocean’s roar;• the moon’s rising
表示建筑,家,店铺等:the barber's • her uncle’s • Wang’s• baker’s
表示目的,用途和来源:woman's magazines类型类别
• Mary's brother • my brother's car • the lawyer's office • the committees‘ decision • a bird’s nest • children's reading • my sister’s boyfriend • the person’s choice • a woman’s intuition • the Children’s Day • her friends’ money
of属格主要是用于无生命的名词
当有生命名词后面接短语或者从句修饰时候,由于定语太长只能用of属格
• What is the name of the boy sitting next to her?boy后面有sitting next to her充当定语,避免歧义才不用‘s。不然会变成what is the boy‘s name sitting next to her不符合逻辑 • The mother of the boy in a red suit is the president of our company.后置定语,不能用‘s处理 • I took the advice of an old man whom I met during a journey.我采纳了在旅途中遇到的老人的意见,不能在advice或者journey后面改成‘s
of所有格,表达同位关系:the continent of Africa.前面的名词对后面名词对解释。 前后名词相等• the habit of smoking 抽烟等于爱好
of所有格表达所属关系:• the opinion of the majority大多数人的意见 • the title of the thesis 论文的名称
of所有格表达动宾关系,被动关系:jane's love of dogs 狗被简爱,• John's murder of a rich man 约翰杀有钱人,约翰对于有钱人的谋杀• a rich man's murder of John
of所有格,表达主谓关系:the departure of the train火车的离开
谓宾关系=动宾关系(被动)
名词在句子中的作用
作主语
Accidents will happen in the best-regulated families. 家规再严事端难免。
做表语
To live remains an art which everyone must learn, but which no one can teach. 生活是一门艺术,人人须学却无人能教。
作宾语(谓语或非谓语动词的宾语)
The company values hard work above good ideas. 公司认为努力工作比提出好建议更为重要。
可以做主语就可以做宾语就可以做表语
作同位语
This is our department head, Dr. Owen. 这是我们的系主任欧文博士。
做补语
They elected James(to be) chairman. 他们推选詹姆斯做主席。
构成复合宾语:作宾语的补语
作状语。
Wait a minute, I'll call her. 稍等一会儿,我去叫她。名词很少做状语
作定语
必须见过
We bought a new color TV. 我们买了台新彩色电视。
不能自己写
作介词宾语:she majored in physics at Yale 介词的后面必须是加名词或者名词性质
He was devoted to pure science. 他专心致力于理论科学。