西方文明史学习笔记

西方文明史第一章部分内容思维导图，讲述了汉谟拉比和巴比伦帝国、尼罗河等方面，结构型知识框架方便学习记忆！

Chapter 1

• Hammurabi and the Old Babylonian Empire
  • Hammurabi expanded his state and promulgated the code of Hammirabi
    • Law and Society
      • Maintain the established social and econmic otder by The Code of Hammurabi.
      • the king regulated everything of Babylonian life
      • professional behaviour of people
      • offenses and prescribes penalties
      • three legally defined social strata
        • a well-to -do elite
        • the mass of the population
        • slaves
    • Mathematics
      • before 15th century C.E
        • developed the most sophisticated mathematical syatem
          • mutiplication tables tables of reciprocals
          • tables of square and square roots
          • cubes and cube roots
          • other calculations…
  • Hammurabi′s.state was.weakened by internal dissension and fell to the Hittites around 1600B.C.
    • The Hittite Empire
      • emerged in Anatolia in the shadow of Mesopotamian civilization
      • Indo-European people
      • established a centralized state based on agriculture and trade
      • expanded into northern Mesopotamia and along the Syrian coast
• THE GIFT OF THE NILE
  • Egypt in Nile Vally
    • upper Egypt
    • lower Egypt
    • hard to contract with outside
      • around.4000 B.C.E:earliest sedentary communities
      • later:farther south .in upper Egypt，similar communtities
      • around 3200 B.C.E:Upper Egypt was in contact with Mesopotamia
        • developed a pictographic script
      • around 3150 B.C.E:united Upper and Lower Egypt
      • the most stable civilization for over 2500years
        • 31dynsties，four periods of political centralization
          • feature: stability and continuity
          • pre-and early dynastic Egypt(ca.3150-2700 B.C.E)
          • the Old Kingdom(ca.2770-2200 B.C.E)
          • the Middle Kingdom(ca.2050-1786 B.C.E)
          • the New Kingdom(ca.1560-1087 B.C.E)
          • Tending the cattle of the God
  • God Kings
    • • Initially: the king was the incarnation of Horus
      • Later:the king was identified with the sun-god Ra as well as with Osiris
      • divine kingship: the King cared everything for people
  • The Pyramids
    • • during the Old and Middle Kingdoms
      • built for the king be served by priest abd servants
      • huge amount of work
      • the cult of dead kings
  • Democratization of the Afterlife
    • the dead king was the summit ，supported by all of society in the graves