导图社区 唐迟阅读技巧核心提炼(英语一)
这里包含了串联题干间逻辑,推测文章主题(题干中反复出现的信息与文章中心有关)、先题后文,只看题干等。
编辑于2021-11-24 14:25:48方法论
长难句
一、基本结构的长难句分析
㈠断开长难句
1.标点
⑴逗号
⑵冒号
⑶分号
2.连接词
连接词引导的从句一般结束于三种位置
⑴标点(普通句、名从、状从)
⑵下一个连接词之前(普通句、名从、状从)
⑶第二个谓语之前(定从)
3.分析主谓
⑴主主谓谓结构
中间的则为定从
When the court deals with social policy secisions,the low it shapes is inescapably.
⑵主谓主谓结构
后面的则为宾从
The IASB says it does not want to act without overrall planning.
后面的则为定从
Allen's contribution was to take an assumption we all share…
㈡简化长难句
1.定位谓语动词
2.去修饰找核心
二、特殊结构的长难句分析
㈠分裂结构
1.插入式:两个逗号,破折号
⑴同位语
⑵插入语
⑶状语从句
2.从句后移式:从句过长,主句过短
⑴定从
⑵宾从
㈡嵌套结构
㈢平行结构
一、题文
㈠做题步骤
1.先题后文,只看题干
2.串联题干间逻辑,推测文章主题(题干中反复出现的信息与文章中心有关)
例子⑴ job hunter、find job
例子⑵stress women
㈡词汇
1.阅读中的形容词副词非常重要,可以表达作者的态度和立场(2000 passages 1)
2.冠词➕形容词表示一类人:the educated
3.情态动词表达观点:must,can(could),may,might,should,would,need to,ought to(2003 text2)
㈢句间逻辑
1.相反的逻辑
⑴时间对比:时间相反,一切相反
①(2000 passage2、used to do:过去常常,潜台词是现在已经不再这样了)
②now出现的时候:是中心或者是答案
⑵转折词:however,but,while,luckily(表示事情有好转)
⑶题干中的should:说明答案(理想)与现实相反
2003 text 4 48
2.相同的逻辑
前后逻辑相同,后句重复是因为观点重要,此部分的论述即是文章中心(2000 passage 1)
㈣观点
1.少数派观点往往是作者的观点(2000 passages 1)
㈤标点符号
1.逗号:两个逗号之间,或一个逗号之后为补充说明的成分,是非主干
2.冒号:内容从抽象到具体,冒号后的内容解释前面的内容,前后的逻辑肯定是一致的
3.分号:前后为并列关系
4.引号:将文章中的双引号去掉,意思与原文发生改变,所以答案中有不带引号的原词不选(1997 passage1)
⑴引用
⑵反语或语意转移
5.破折号:解释说明
6.双破折号:举例或解释说明,这一部分的内容很容易出干扰选项(看起来答案是对的,但很片面)2003 text2,46
二、题型
㈠细节题
1.定位好的句子即是答案:明察秋毫(和原文句子中每一个单词进行比对)
1.定位词:大写,人名,地名,时间,时代,数字(但是找定位词只是孤立片面地看待一个题目)
2.因果题定位
①连词:since,as,for,lest (后面一定跟句子)
②短语
③定语从句表示因果关系:解释说明先行词
2.干扰选项特征
⑴正反混淆
⑵偷换概念
⑶答非所问
⑷不同内容嫁接
⑸非最佳答案
⑹绝对化用词:only,must, exclusively,never,all,最高级,这些往往不选,除非原文明确提到
⑺主被动偷换
3.正确选项特征
⑴同义改写
⑵与中心思想密切相关(细节服从主旨):尤其是inferred from类的题,正确选项中一定要有主题词(2000 passage1,53)
⑶语气缓和:some,may,partly
㈡例证题
1.定位标志
⑴阅读文章,区分清除观点和例子
⑵题干中例子的定位句往往是干扰选项,注意和细节题的做法不同
2.注意:例子本身不重要,重要的是例子所支持的观点;观点一般在例子前,有时也在例子后
3.干扰选项
⑴就事论事
①题干中例子的回答(India)
②例子里不重要内容的嫁接(80%)
⑵过度推理:文章说路见不平,正确答案:路见不平;干扰选项:拔刀相助(1999 passage 1 53)
①2007年 家庭风险在提高
干扰选项:消灭风险
②2004年 姓名歧视
干扰选项:消灭歧视
㈢中心思想题
1.方法论
⑴标志:mainly about/discuss/the best title
⑵方法
①最普遍:串线法:将各段手末句串联成一个整体,一定要注意转折处(串联法的本质:找交集,同一件事/同一个观点)
1.Being a man has always been dangerous...... Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone. 2.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive,but have fewer children. 3.For us, this means that evolution"is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. 58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? [A] Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution. [B] Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution. [C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature. [D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere. [段落中心都在讲一件事:进化已经停止]
②看形式:中心句:问题开头的提问,对它的回答,是文章中心的独句段[对文章中的问号❓要敏感]
What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America—breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?[注意此处的问号] Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological. The best title for this passage might be? [A] Inventive Mind [B] Effective Schooling(分论点1) [C] Ways of Thinking(分论点2) [D] Outpouring(涌现)of Inventions(是问题本身的阐释,我们要的是回答!) 衍生出有中心句的中心题的做题步骤: 1.发现了文章开头的提问,关注下一段的回答 2.排除B,C这两个分论点 3.发现D是文章中心句(问号句)的同义表述,而非回答。(最大的干扰项) 再提醒:中心一定是对中心句(问句)的回答!
③最直观:中心词:文中反复高频出现的词
2.干扰选项特征
⑴范围太小-片面[文章中只用来举例的某一个点]
⑵范围太大-回头作文(自己根据title构思一篇文章,与原文对比)
1997年passage4 The best title for this passage could be A.Company under Fire [全文在说一家公司的事情] B.A Debate on moral Decline [关于道德衰退的争论。题目过大。此时可以用回头作文的方法,来想如果自己要写debate on the moral decline,应该会怎么构思] C.A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture[街头文化,未提及。] [D] A Form of Creative Freedom[分论点,排除。]
⑶常识性答案(如:文章内容表达用小动物做实验,大多数人会常识性地认为用小动物做实验违反了动物权利,和多数派观点一致,恰恰与作者观点相反)
㈣作者态度题
1.标志:attitude / deem/ consider/ tone题干暗示全文中心话题。
2.方法:选项词汇归纳
⑴正面:positive积极/optimistic乐观/approval支持/supportive支持
⑵负面:negative 消极 / pessimistic 悲观 / disapproval反对 / critical 批评/ doubtful怀疑/suspicious 怀疑/skeptical怀疑/ questionable 怀疑
⑶中立:neutral中立/ objective客观/impartial 整体/ disinterested中立
⑷小墓碑:Uninterested 不感兴趣/unconcerned 不感兴趣/indifferent 不感兴趣/confused迷惑/puzzled迷惑/biased偏见/prejudice偏见/ contemptuous偏见/subjective 偏见
3.当作者的态度没有明确指出时
⑴文章框架-串线,各段首末句
⑵adj,adv
⑶转折处however,but,now
⑷情态动词之后(should,must,could)
㈤词汇题
1.标志:(line.paragragh)most probably means
2.方法通过定位好的句子,根据逻辑关系找同义词或反义词
⑴前后句间逻辑相反
⑵前后句间逻辑相同:则语法结构逻辑一致
Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford,Inc.,a ……firm based in Australia.Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying ①判断出逻辑相同 ②前后主语皆为Straitford,谓语前一句是:making the biggest splash,后一句是making money ③所以splash等于money
"Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. " ①分号判断:逻辑相同 ②ues…as 等于 consider,agent等于it ③所以tip servece等于reminder
3.干扰选项特征:字面意思相同
2004年 Text 3 When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either.Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suedenly stopped showing up. 51. By "Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet" (line 1, paragraph 1),the author means [A] Spero can hardly maintain her business[无法维系她的生意,与题干逻辑相反] [B] Spero is too much engaged in her work[反] [C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit[坏习惯,字面理解] [D] Spero is not in a desperate situation[并没有绝望,正确] 方法:观其大略,已知but后为负向[阐述ES顾客锐减,无法维持生意],则前边逻辑一定为正向
㈥推理题
1.标志:infer,imply,suggest,learn from,conclude
2.方法
⑴同义改写:细节、主旨、逻辑
⑵逻辑取反:推理多在转折处
忌自己推理,否则答案不唯一或不客观