导图社区 英语的基础知识,让你能够快速成为英语达人
英语的基础知识,让你能够快速成为英语达人,为后续英语学习打下坚实的基础。
编辑于2022-03-12 10:02:15英语
十大词性
实词
名词
代词
形容词
数词
动词
实意
助词
基本助词
be(am/is/are/was/were)
have(has/had)
do(does/did)
will(would)
情态动词
need/must/dare/shall/should/may/might/will/would/can/could
副词
虚词
冠词
介词
连词
感叹词
六大成分
主语
谓语
宾语
补语
定语
形容词
形容词:She is a lovely girl. 她是一位可爱的女孩。
定语从句
定语从句:New York is the place that he would like to visit. 纽约是他想去游览的地方。
介词短语
介词短语:The girl in red is my sister. 穿红色衣服的那个女孩,是我的妹妹。
非谓语动词
非谓语动词:the girl standing there=the girl who is standing there. 站在那的女孩。 the building completed yesterday=the building that was completed yesterday. 昨天竣工的楼房 I have something to say= I have something that I want to say. 我还有些要说的话。 从上面非谓语例句可以看到,非谓语动词通常可以变成定语从句。
状语
名词
名词: come this way.
副词
副词: speak politely.
状语从句
状语从句:I enjoyed myself when I visited my friends in Shanghai last year.
介词短语
介词短语:Can you say it in English?
非谓语动词
非谓语动词:Having finished the homework, I went home. Given more time, I could write the essay better. To give the teacher a good impression, I decided to help her.
从句
名词性从句
主语从句
it is that what,who,when,why,whether等词含有各自的疑问意义,但它们引导的主语从句,都用陈述语序。
宾语从句
宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。
表语从句
同位语从句
形容词性从句
定语从句
限制性
非限制性
关系代词的省略 在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略
状语从句
时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步
句子
句子=主干(五种基本句型)+修饰(定语+状语) 一个简单句只能有一个谓语,如果要表达多个动作概念:连词、非谓语动词、从句 先拆分句子结构,剔除修饰成分,拎出本句的谓语动词和简单句骨骼。
结构分类
简单句(五种基本句型)
主谓(宾)(宾)(宾补)/主系表
1.主谓(一个句子最不可或缺的两个部分):You jump;I jump. 2.主谓宾(宾语是主语动作的对象):I love him. 3.主谓宾(人)宾(物):please do me(人) a favor(物). 检验是否是双宾语句型的原则:两个宾语可以调换位置,增加相应介词 to/for please do a favor for me 4.主谓宾补(补充说明宾语):I found the book easy(the book 是 found 的对象,easy 是用来修饰 the book 的) 检验是否是宾补句型的原则:宾语和补语之间加一个系动词,可以构成语义通顺的句子 the book is easy 5.主系表(说明主语的状态特点):She is pretty.
并列句
复合句
特殊句
there be
倒装
将谓语动词完全移到主语之前称为完全倒装,只将助动词或情态动词移到主语之前称为部分倒装。
完全倒装
此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时两种。
地点/时间副词/状语
here,there、now,then、out、in、up、down、away、of、:in the room、at the station、by the window There comes the bus!(公交车来了) Then came the chairman.(之后主席来了) 主语是代词时,则不倒装。Here we are.(我们到了) 例1:In walked a boy.(一个男孩走了进来) 例2:Off dashed the car.(汽车飞驰而去) 主语是代词时,则不倒装。例:In he walked.(他走了进来) 例: From the window came the sound of music.(窗外传来悠扬的音乐) 主语为代词,不宜使用倒装He stood in the front of the house .(佳)In front of the house he stood(劣)他站在家门口
表语类
例1: Gone are the days when we had nothing to eat.(没有东西吃的日子已经过去了) 例2:Inside the parcel was a letter.(包裹里有一封信)
so that
so frightened was he that he thought about giving up
部分倒装
以had/were/should 开头省略 if 的虚拟条件句
Were I you, I would go there.
否定副词、副词短语置于句首
否定副词:never、hardly、scarcely、rarely、seldom、little 否定副词短语:by no means,in no way,on no account,only+介词短语,only…then,not only…but also,only when,not until,no sooner…than 例1:Never is he happy(他从不快乐) 例2:By no means is he the person we need(他绝对不是我们需要的人) 例3:Not only does he do well in his lessons, but also he often helps others with their lessons.
“only+状语”位于句首
例1:Only then did I know the importance of English.(那时我才知道英语的重要性) 例2:Only by setting goals can you succeed.(只有制定目标你才能成功)
so/such...that结构
so/such...that结构中,有时要强调so/such所修饰的形容词或副词,常将so 连同它所修饰的形容词或副词一起提前放在句首。 例1:So bright was the moon that the flowers seem as bright as by day. 例2:Such a wonderful job did he do that he won our respect.(他表现得如此棒,因而赢得我们的信任)
neither/nor+ be 动词 /助动词 /情态动词 + 主语的结构
“ ……也不这样” 例: Mary isn't good at swimming. Neither/nor am I.(Mary不擅长游泳,我也是)
so+be 动词 /助动词 /情态动词+主语”结构
“ …… 也是如此” She plays piano well,so do I.(她钢琴弹得很好,我也是)
特殊句型
as引导的让步状语从句要倒装
whatever 或 however 引导的让步状语从句
However busy you are, you should spend some time reading books weekly.(无论你多么忙,每周你都应该花点时间读书)
the more...the more...句型
The more English you practise, the better your English is. (你练得越多,你的英语就越好)
省略
宾语从句中,连接词that常可省略
I think(that)it will clear up this afternoon.
限制性定语从句中,作宾语用的关系代词whom,which,that常省略
This is one of the best films(that)I've ever seen.
在“the+比较级...the+比较级...”结构中,有时可省略be或there be
The higher the temperature(is),the greater the pressure(is)
在某些虚拟语气的句子中可以省略should
I suggest that he(should)study more English before going abroad.
强调
感叹
祈使
反义疑问
虚拟语气
与现在事实相反的虚拟
与过去事实相反的虚拟
与将来事实相反的虚拟