导图社区 Cold War（完）
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Cold War（完）
这是一篇关于Cold War（完）的思维导图，包括介绍了nature、origins、1949-53 First Cold War、1953-68 Fluctuating Relations等方面的内容，总结非常全面。
编辑于2022-03-22 13:16:26- IB
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Cold War
nature
Cold War
before 1945: situations characterised by extreme international tension btw states but avoid tipping ovr into hot wars
after 1945: deteriorating relationship btw USSR & USA
theory
russian menace
US imperialism
West-Weest conflict theory
economic problems in West
rise of independent nationalist movements in Developing World
Intra-state
Cold War essentially on international stage of developments in internal domestic economies & social formations of most important individual state
use international events as opportunities to resolve internal tensions & overcome competitors
class-conflict
(emergence of) superpower
arms race
1952 USA H-bomb
1957 USSR Spuntnik (world's first satellite)
1960 USA submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs)
1968 USSR anti-ballistic missiles (ABM)
1970 US multiple independently targeted re-entry vehicles (MIRVs)
North-South divide
series of conflicts btw powerful states over the control of weaker countries
economic/strategic importance
ideology: communism vs capitalism
origins
1917-41 long term causes
1917-28 Great Contest
Nov 1917 Bolshevik Revolution
different economic & social system
Deutscher: foreign policy intends to protect & further economic interests of dominant social & economic class
1918-21
1919 Communist International (Comintern) to stimulate/aid world revolution
foreign military intervention in Russian Civil War
USA refuse to recognise Soviet gov
USA attempt of world domination with Fourteen Points in Jan 1918
1920s Soviet isolation
1929-41 antagonism & cooperation
realpolitik
politics & foreign diplomacy based on realities & strategic/material needs instead of political principles, ideology, morals
1922 Rapallo Treaty, USSR & Weimar Republic
Munich Agreement
annexation of Poland
Riga Axioms
Soviet service deparment in USA
Great Purge worsens US-USSR relations
World War II & Grand Alliance
1942-45
second front
Nov 1943 Tehran Conference
initial outline agreement
Poland territory returned
no central European alliance against USSR
1944 Percentages Agreement
concerning influence in south-eastern/eastern Europe
Poland unmentioned
Churchill & Stalin in Moscow
Roosevelt unpresent & no objection
1944-45
quest for security
breakdown of Grand Alliance
Feb 1945 Yalta & Jul 1945 Potsdam
Germany
Stalin against splitting Germany permanently
weaken Germany sufficiently to prevent becoming a future threat
allow USSR to rebuild following destruction of German armed forces
Eastern Europe
Stalin: Lublin (communist) provisional gov
Poland a death question for USSR, matter of honour for Churchill
economic reconstruction
1944 provisional agreement at Bretton Woods Conference
join WB (world bank) & IMF (international monetary fund)
US conditional loans to USSR
threat of dollar diplomacy
US atomic bomb
perspectives
orthodox
aim destabilising capitalist states to spread world revolution
UUSR expansionist
revisionist
USSR 'conservative defencism'
weak in economic/human terms to pose expansionist threat
'Open Door' establish US economic power in post-war world
reason US entering WWII: German/Japan challenge US attempts to increase share of world economy
post-revisionist: both are causes of Cold War
1946-53 First Cold War
turning point
1946-47 growing divide
Jan 1946 claiming USSR has right to Black Sea Straits and Iranian oil
Feb 1946 US secretary of state James Byrnes urge Iran resist Soviet advances
concession from Turkey against West
US under-secretary of state Dean Acheson confronts USSR
Long Telegram
failure of Baruch Plan ends hopes of agreement on control nuclear weapons
George Kennan hardens US attitudes against USSR
March 1946 Iron Curtain speech
Churchill = Hitler
speech calling to war with USSR
withdraw from IMF + anti-West propaganda
economic crisis in Western Europe
dove: prefer to find peaceful ways to resolve differences
hawks: follow hardline/aggressive policies
Feb 1947 UK due to economic problems no longer give economic/military aid to Greek royalists in civil war against communist
Truman Doctrine
12 Mar 1947 exaggeration on difference btw democracy & communism
military threat posed by USSR
containment: USSR not a serious long-term threat)
new national security organisation
CIA
NSC (national security council)
start of 'witch hunts' by Joseph McCarthy
new policy: truman doctrine
countries must choose btw West/communism
announce US readiness to assist country resisting USSR ('armed minorities', 'outside pressure')
Marshall Plan
5 jun 1947
help revive economic of Western Europe
German reconstrucction
open to UUSR/Eastern Europe with criteria
dollar imperialism
points of tension
Soviet control of Eastern Europe
summer 1947 taken Poland, Hungary, Romania, Albania
Two Camps speech
22 Sep 1947 Communist Information Bureau (Cominform)
kddp communist parties inEurope under Moscow control
end of flexible/hesitant foreign policy of USSR to US actions
Soviet politician Andrei Zhdanov: Two Camps Doctrine
Yugoslavia
Sovietisation & peoples' democraciese
Germany & reparations
Five Ds'
demilitarisation
de-nazification
democratisation
de-industrialism
decentralisation
pastoralisation of Germany essential
USA + UK decide revival of German industry
Bizonia & Trizonia
27 Jul 1946 US UK merge zones to one economic unit
Jan 1947 join Bizonia
Feb 1947 Dulles suggest revived german economy will help France
7 Jun 1948 France join to form Trionia
18 Jun West introduce Deutschmark replace Reichsmark
23 Jun extend to West Berlin
Belin Blockade
june 1948-may 1949
24 Jun 1948 USSR cut transports, supplies to west berlin
1st open conflict
Berlin Airlift: supply to West Berlin by aircrafts
May 1949 Federal Republic of Germany (FDR) set up
7 Oct 1949 German Democratic Republic )GDR)
1949-1953 Europe
US perception
soviet possible desire
sphere of influence in Eastern Europe
reparations from former Axis Powers
US financial support in reconstructing USSR
Truman stimulate massive economic growth in West
military development
Feb 1948 Brussels Treaty Organisation (BTO) due to communist Czechoslovaka
US balance of power in Europe with military insecurity
4 Apr 1949 NATO
US nuclear monopoly
country's nuclear strength
soviet reaction
Monotov Plan: series of bilateral trade agreements btw Eastern Europe & USSR
Jan 1949 Comecon/CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)
nuclear arm race
1949-53 Stalin foreign policy to PRC & Korea
Stalinisation of Eastern Europe
US & China before 1949
Jiang (support) vs Mao
communist victory
China
US: 'loss of China'
Mao 'lean to one side' policy
Acheson: support China to break its relation USSR, fail due to communist hysteria
Korean War
cause
nationalist civil war
Kim Il Sun vs Syngman Rhee
USSR expect unification of Korea
Acheson & Truman: mainland Asia outside USA Pacific Defensive Perimetre
1949 $500 million aid to Japan
1950 non-USSR intervention due to US involvement
Defensive Perimetre
impact
NSC-68
revisionist: excuse of US expansionism
US policy in line with assessment of USSR threat in Long Telegram
US foreign policy only be met by huge increase in US military strength
US response
Kim acting as Stalin's puppet
Domino Theory: SK fell communist, then Asia & Europe
China involvement
Communist Bloc
USSR avoid direct clashes with US
US military expenditure worry USSR
returning Taiwan more difficult
help Cold War from bipolar to tripolar
Asia
Sep 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty
West & Japan
restoring Japan sovereignty
end of US occupation by 1952
Yoshida Lettre: boycott China but trade Taiwan
subsequent US policy in Philippines & Indo-china
Western Europe
increase nmb of troops in Europe
NATO getting Greece & Turkey to pressure USSR
Treaty
Aug 1951 military alliance with Philippines
Sep 1951 ANZUS Pact
Australia, New Zealand, USA
worried by Japan economy as a competitor
USA against military aggression
AUZ agaisnt communist activity in Pacific region
1953-68 Fluctuating Relations
1953-55
Stalin's death
USSR establish collective leadership avoid sole domination
George Malenkov Council of Ministers (prime minister)
Nikita Khrushchev first secretary of Communist Party
Thaw
negotiations instead of conflictts
Malenkov's New Course
continue despite increased nuclear arm race
USSR concer over economic impact of defence spending
USSR intent reduce military expenditure to modernising industry/technology & improve living standards
Fred Halliday 'oscillary antagonist'
attempts to lessen confrontations & reach agreements frustrated by emergence of new tensions/crises periodically
New Look
1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower US president
continue Containment on essence
Germany
Feb 1954 USSR Council of Foreign Ministers offers German unification for neutralisation
rejected by West fear Germany be communistt
USSR motive to increase West German opposition to rearmament & NATO
suggestion of organisation of collective security of Europe
fear West Germany be rearmed & join NATO
rejected by West
Peaceful Coexistence
1955 emergence of Khrushchev
leadership in Great Patriotic War 1941-45
try to achieve real détente btw West & East
avoid nuclear war
believe USSR concessions in peripheral areas
pull troops out of Austria as Austrian neutrality guaranteed
retund Porkkala naval base to Finland
prefer Austrtian neutrtalitty to partition
believe socialist system will be economic superior to capitalist
peaceful global transition to socialism
Warsaw Pact
6 May 1955 Weest Germany join NATO
14 May 1955 Warsaw Pact
mutual military assistance alliance
clause (Article 11)
if a general European treaty on collective security was signed, then Warsaw Pact will dissolve
reduce polarisation & possible confrontation btw 2 blocs
Jul 1955 Geneva Summit
btw leaders of Big Four
spirit of friendship: less confrontation more cooperation
agree on moratorium on nuclear testing
proposals on disarmament & German unification rejected
1956 Khrushchev's secret speech
1955 attempts securer Yugoslavia as definite ally of USSR
Feb announce foreign policy at 20th Party Congress of CPSU
peaceful coexistence both possible & necessary
achieve de-stalinisation/liberalisation
attttack Stalin's policies
national roads to socialism not necessary to follow Soviet model
dissolution of Cominform encourage membership to Warsaw Pact
Tito refuse but restore diplomatic relations
social/poliical unrests in Polan & Hungary
1956 Revolt & Reform in Poland
Jun protests by Polish facroty worker over production quotas
Polish communist/United Workers Party (PUWP) by Wladyslaw Gomulka promise reform
Oct meeting btw Khrushchev & Gomulka
fear Poland independence
no military intervention to ensure USSR security
led to new leaders of previously purged reformist communist in other satellite states
Oct 1956 Suez Crisis
cause
Arab revenge for defeat in First Arab-Israeli War
plight of Palestinian Arab refugees
emergence of Gamal Abdel Nasser
1954-56 secure UK agreement to withdraw troops from Egypt
1955 signed arms deal with Czechoslovakia
West concern Nasser allow USSR in Middle East
1955 Baghdad Pact
UK in support of US with Turkey & Iraq
keep USSR influence oout
protect UK interests
isolate Nasser who condemn as tool of imperialism
Nasser announces anti-colonial movements in UK/FR colonies
nationalisation of Suez Canal
29 Oct Israel attack
5 Nov occupy Sinai peninsula, UK/FR forces land around canal
US/USSR/UN condemn aggression
US financial pressure
USSR military threats
US begin replace UK&FR
focus on Middle East
1956 Hungarian Revolt
23 oct illegal demonstration in Budapest support of Polish reform
Nagy indication withdraw Hungary from Warsaw Pact put USSR military intervention
1 nov announce Hungary witthdrawal from Warsaw Pact
4 nov USSR military intervention
USSR begin give credit&subsidies to help weaker economy of Eastern Europe
Oct 1957 Sputnik
establish of NASA
USSR pursue more active foreign policy
1958-61 Second Berlin Crisis
27 nov 1958 Khrushchev issue first Berlin Ultimatum
West conclude formal peace with Germany
agreeing West Berlin become international/demilitarised area
1959 Camp David: DDE meet NK
May 1960 Paris Summit
1 May USSR missle bring down US U-2 spy plane
NK cancel DDE proposed bisit to USSR
Berlin key for propaganda. espionage, intelligence base behind Iron Curtain
Jun 1961 Vienna Summit
first meeting btw NK and JFK
JFK refuse concession on Berlin/Germany
+ US military spending
end of jun, NK provisional permission for Ulbricht to physical divide Berlin
Aug 1961 Berlin Wall
Fall of Khrushchev
Oct 1964 Leonid Brezhnev+Alexei Kosygin replace NK
de-stalinisation stop
economic policy more conservative
Détente
1968 Czechoslovakia
Jan reformist Alexander Dubcek hardline Stalinist Czech Antonin Novotny
Apr Action Programme: political & economic reform
Prague Spring
attempt in latte 1960s by reformist to liberalise, develop democratic communist state
LBJ: intra-communist dispute
15 jul Warsaw Lettre
Dubcek policy allow counter-revolutionary forces to threaten existence of Czech socialism
3 Aug Bratislava Declaration
confirm commitment to defend socialism in East Europe
Dubcek force to limit Prague Spring
20-21 Aug Warsaw Pact invasion
Brezhnev Doctrine
sovereignty/independence of East Europe state limited by duty to USSR, socialist system, security of rest of Warsaw Pact
Vietnam War
French & Indo-china
Viet Minh(Vietnam League for Independence)
led by Ho Chi Minh in 1941 in China
US push FR to leave but HST make Vietnam against US+FR
1950 Ho recognised by Mao & Stalin as legitimate leader of VIetnam
US recognise Bao Dai
DDE see Ho as instrument of international communism
1953 FR difficult to resist Viet Minh
Mar 1954 FR serious defeat put US 'no more Koreas'
Jul 1954 Geneva Accord: divide in 17th parallel
8 Sep 1954 US from SEATO (South East Asia Treaty Organisation)
Jul 1955 FR troops withdrawing
Viet Cong: communist in South
1959 NV announce intention to reunite Vietnam
1960 Ho encourage Viet Cong form National Liberation Front (NLF)
2 Aug 1964 Gult of Tonkin, Mar 1965 Operation Rolling Thunder
Jan 1968 Tet Offensive
'Great Society
LBJ attempt to tackle poverty&inequality in USA
fail due to costs in Vietnam
impact
JFK 'Flexible Response'
US believe China&USSR behind NV
USSR military aid to Pathet Lao (Laos)
'search and destroy', use of napalm/Agent Orange
US Bandung Conference & NK visit India, Burma, Afghanistan
China crises over Taiwan Straits
Sino-Soviet Split
Cuban Missile Crisis
cause
1823 Monroe Doctrine: justify US intervention in Latin America/Caribbean
US intervention in Guatemala
Fidel Castro's revolution
Fulgencio Batista in US support benefit US companies
Ernesto 'Che' Guevara
1 jan 1959 Castro enter Havana
US refuse Cuba economic assistance from IMF&OAS (Organisation of American States)
Castro nationalise US company in Cuba
Feb 1961 Missile gap
Apr 1961 Bay of Pigs
impact
Aug 1963 Test-Ban Treaty
Latin America
Castro expects more revolution in Central/South America
1967 Che Guevara executed in Bolivia
1969-85 Détente to Second Cold War
Détente
Cold War Triangle
Jul 1969 Nixon Doctrine
US clients states in developing world given weapons to fight for US
avoid direct US military inetrvention
SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)
beginning of arms control
1973-75 Helsinki Conference and Accords
3 baskets
guarantee status quo inEurope by recognising inviolable current Europe border
closer ties/collaboration across range of activities(econ, social, culture)
issue of human rights
1979 beginning of Second Cold War
1974 nixon Watergate scandal
1977 Jimmy Carter (democrat) US president
Arc of Crisis: middle east
SALT II
contribute to ending of détente
dec 1978 arms race slow down wanted
New Right
conservative right0wing grouping merge in US from mid-1970s
favour return to hardline antiSoviet foreign policy
Middle East & Africa
1970s USSR important for Arab ally
military adviser to Egypt
Cuban involvement in support liberation wars
Latin America & Caribbean
economic destabilisation and warfare
blocking loans & other financial aid from multilateral organisation
opposition groups funded indirectly by CIA
Sandinistas (left-wing)
against Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua in 1961
Mar 1979 left-wing New Jewel Movement in Grenada
Contras: oppose Sandinista
US-Sino rapprochement
USSR intervention in Afghanistan
PDPA (People's democratic party of afghanistan) recognised by Werst
PDPA by Nur Mohammad Taraki pro Soviet receive USSR economic assistance
sep 1979 part PDPA by Hafizullah Amin seize power (civil war)
Carter Doctrine intervene Persian Gulf
1985-91 End of Cold War
Gorbachev's New Thinking
3 policy (Novoe Myshlenie/New Thinking)
glasnost
perestroika
demokratizatsiya
political accommodation not military power
arms race pointless
US & Reagan
1985 First steps: arm-control negociations
1985-88 The Four Summits
Geneva
nov 1985 issue joint statement promising neither side be 1st to launch nuclear attack
jan 1986 MG propose total elimination of nuclear weapons by end of century
Reykjavik
oct 1986 USA Strategic Defence Initiative
strategic nuclear weapons cut by 50%
MG: intellectual breakthrough btw USSR&US
nov Iron Curtain should lift, human rights in Soviet bloc
Washington
dec 1987 signed Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty
all land-based intermediate shorter-range nuclear missile withdrawn from Europe
Moscow
may 1988 USSR withdraw forces from Afghanistan without future intervention
feb 1989 all USSR troops withdraw Afghanistan
Soviet economic problem/Gorbachev doctrine
policy disengaging from Developing World involvement to avoid any confrontation with US
diplomacy of despair: nuclear disarmament & East Europe
collapse of East Europe regime
1988-89
7 dec 1988 MG speech to UN cutting USSR troops to Warsaw Pact nor control of satellite states
encourage New Thinking policy
1989
poland: non-communist leader elected
hungary: open border to Austria
east germany: 8 nov open Berlin Wall
Czechoslovakia & Bulgaria: no military intervention in unpopular gov
Romania: Nicolae Ceausescu arrested
Soviet Bloc
Dec 1989-91 final act
dec 1989 Malta Summit
official declare end of Cold War
US economic aid
USSR/US reach informal agreements on future of Europe
Germany
nov 1990 CFE (Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty) signed
1991 Moscow Summit START signed
Soviet Union