第五课下Do animals Think动物也会思考吗？

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Do animals Think? 动物也会思考吗？

• 课文
  • The question has often been asked, Do animals think? I believe that some of them think a great deal. Many of them are like children in their sports. We notice this to be true very often with dogs and cats; but it is true with other animals as well.
    • 人们会经常问到这样的问题：动物会思考吗？我想念有些动物很会动脑筋思考的。很多动物玩起来像小孩子们是一样的。我们注意到，这一点就猫狗说确实真是这样的，而对其他一些动物来说也是如此。
  • Some birds are very lively in their sports; and the same is true with some insects. The ants,hardworking as they are, have their times for play. They run races; they wrestle; and sometimes they have mock fights together. Very busy must be their thoughts while engaged in these sports.
    • 有些鸟类在玩起来的时候是很活跃的，有些昆虫类也是如此。蚂蚁，虽然干起活来很勤奋，可是它们也能抽出时间来玩。蚂蚁参加各种赛跑，摔跤，有时还在一起模拟战斗。在蚂蚁从事这些活动的时候，他的思想肯定很活跃。
  • There are many animals, however, that never play; their thoughts seem to be of the more sober kind. We never see frogs engaged in sport. They all the time appear to be very grave. The same is true of the owl, who always looks as if he were considering some important question.
    • 可是，也有些动物从来也不玩耍，它们的思想性格令人觉得好像是属于比较严肃冷静的那种类型。我们从来没见过蛙类在一起玩耍。蛙类总是令人觉得很严肃的样子。猫头鹰也是这样：总让人看起来好像猫头鹰老是在考虑很重要的问题的样子。
  • Animals think much while building their houses. The bird searches for what it can use in building its nest, and in doing this it thinks. The beavers think as they build their dams and their houses. They think in getting their materials, and also in arranging them, and in plastering them together with mud. Some spiders build houses which could scarcely have been made except by some thinking creature.
    • 动物在筑巢或垒窝的时候就会考虑得比较多。鸟在筑巢时就要搜索它能用得上的材料，在做这类工作时，鸟儿就在动脑筋。河狸在修水坝或垒窝的时候也会动脑子。河狸在寻找建筑材料，在把撒谎到的材料考虑怎样安放以及用泥土把这些材料粘合到一起时都在动脑子思考。有些种类的蜘蛛所垒的窝，除了有些思想的动物而外，是很少有什么动物能垒成的。
  • As animals think, they learn. Some learn more than others. The parrot learns to talk, though in some other respects it is quite stupid. The mocking bird learns to imitate a great many different sounds. The horse is not long in learning many things connected with the word which he has to do.The shepherd dog does not know as much about most things as some other dogs, and yet he understands very well how to take care of sheep.
    • 动物不但会思考，而且也会学习。有些动物比其他动物更关于学习。鹦鹉虽然在别的方面很蠢，可是会学说话。美国南方的模仿鸟会模仿很多不同的音响。马不用很长时间就能学会跟让它干的活儿有关的许多东西。虽然牧羊犬不懂得基他种狗所懂的绝大部分事物，可是牧羊犬却精通于怎样看护好羊群。
  • Though animals think and learn, they do not make any real improvement in their ways of doing things, as men do. Each kind of bird has its own way of building a nest, and it is always the same way. And so of other animals. They have no new fashions, and learn none from each other. But men, as you know, are always finding new ways of building houses, and improved methods of doing almost all kinds of labor.
    • 虽然动物会思考也会学习，可是却不能像人那样，对学会的事物作出任何真正的改革。每种鸟都有自己的筑巢方法，但总是用的同样的方式，互相之间也不学习。可是，你知道，人类就不是这样，人类总是要寻求新的盖房子的方式，人类总是要改进作一些事情的方式方法。
  • Many of the things that animals know how to do they seem to know either without learning,or in some way which we cannot understand. They are said to do such things by instinct; but no one can tell what instinct is. It is by this instinct that birds build their nests and beavers their dams and huts. If these things were all planned and thought out just as men plan new houses, there would be some changes in the fashions of them, and some improvements.
    • 有许多事情，似乎是动物都知道怎么做。它们秘书科不用学就会或者是用我们还没了解到的方法就掌握了。据说它们都是凭着本能去做这类事情，都能像人类设计新房子那样，动物也能有周密的计划和仔细的考虑，那么动物的巢穴在式样上也会有所变化和改进的。
  • I have spoken of the building instinct of beavers. An English gentleman caught a young one and put him at first in a cage. After a while he let him out in a room where there was a great variety of things. As soon as he was let out he began to exercise his building instinct. He gathered together whatever he could find, brushes, baskets, boots, clothes, sticks, bits of coal, etc., and arranged them as if to build a dam. Now, if he had had his wits about him, he would have known that there was no use in building a dam where there was no water.
    • 我提到了河狸的建筑上的本能。一位英国先生抓到了只小河狸，起先把它放到一只笼子里了，过了一会儿又把它放出来，放进了一间里面有很多种不同的东西的房间里。刚把这只小河狸放出来，它就开始施展了它筑坝的本能。它把凡是能找到的东西：刷子、筐子、靴子、衣服、棍子、煤块等等都集中到一起，然后来安排这些东西，好像要筑水坝似的。那么，如 果它真的有头有脑的话，它就该知道，在这没有水的地方筑水坝是根本没用的。
  • It is plain that, while animals learn about things by their senses as we do, they do not think nearly as much about what they learn, and this is the reason why they do not improve more rapidly.Even the wisest of them, as the elephant and the dog, do not think very much about what they see and hear. Nor is this all. There are some things that we understand, but about which animals know nothing. They have no knowledge of anything that happens outside of their own observation.Their minds are so much unlike ours that they do not know the difference between right and wrong.
    • 道理很明显，当动物像我们人一样在凭各种感官学习事物时，动物对所学的事物几乎不多加考虑，这就是之所以动物不能较迅速地提高的原因。即使是像大象和小狗这样最聪明的动物，也不能对它们的所见所闻加以思考。事情还远不止如此。有些事情我们能懂，而这些事情，动物根本一窍不通。动物对于发生在自己的视野之外一切事物一无所知。动物的头脑与我们人类的头脑是很不相同的，所以动物的头脑就分辨不出真伪或对错。
• New words
  • 承诺
    • engage
      • [ɪnˈgeɪdʒ]
        • vt. 吸引住；聘用；与…交战;
        • vi. 与…建立密切关系；衔接；参与；紧密结合;
        • engage in sth
          • His father engages in politics
      • en-, 进入，使。-gage, 承诺，加入，词源同wage, wedding. 词义由承诺向多方面扩展。
    • wage
      • [weɪdʒ]
        • n. 工资，工钱;
        • v. 开展，发动（运动或战争）;
      • 原指承诺对别人的服务的报酬，引申词义承诺参战，发动战争。
    • wed
      • [wed]
        • v. （与…）结婚;
      • 结婚是对双方的一成承诺
    • gage
      • [ɡeɪdʒ]
        • n.抵押品，（为决斗而抛下的）抵押物；挑战；计量器（gauge的另一种拼写）
        • v.以……为担保，以……为赌注
  • 排列
    • rank
      • [ræŋk]
        • n. 地位，级别; 军衔; 普通士兵; 等级; 成员; 队列;
        • v. 分等级; 排列;
        • adj. 难闻的; 糟糕的，疯长的;
      • 来自古法语 ranc,排，行词源 同 ring,curve.词义由环行排列过渡至水平排列。引申词义排列，等级。
    • range
      • [reɪndʒ]
        • n. 一系列; 区间，范围; 射程，射击场; 类，种; 山脉; 牧区; 炉灶; 音域;
        • v. 变化，变动; 包括…之间的各类事物; 排列; 漫步，徘徊;
      • 来自古法语 range,排列，布置，成排，词源同 rank.
    • arrange
      • [əˈreɪndʒ]
        • v. 排列，布置; 安排，筹备; 改编（乐曲）; 商定，谈妥;
      • 前缀ar-同ad-. range, 排列。
    • arrangement
      • [əˈreɪndʒmənt]
        • n. 安排; 筹划; 布置; 商定; 协议; 整理; 改编乐曲;
      • arrange sb to do sth
  • 生物
    • create
      • [kriˈeɪt]
        • v. 创造; 创建; 引起; 产生; 授予;
      • 字根cre(cru),cresc,cret = to grow,to increase 生长。 来源于拉丁语的creare/crescere 具有to grow,to increase 等含义，元音弱化后变成cru。
    • creature
      • [ˈkriːtʃə(r)]
        • n. 生物，动物; （具有某种特征的）人; 傀儡;
  • 想象
    • image
      • [ˈɪmɪdʒ]
        • n. 形象; 声誉; 画像; 雕像; 塑像; 映像; 意象;
      • 来源于im-产生的拉丁语名词imag.o(相似)。
    • imagery
      • [ˈɪmɪdʒəri]
        • n. 比喻，形象化的描述; 意象; 〈集合词〉像，肖像，画像，雕像; 塑像术;
    • imagine
      • [ɪˈmædʒɪn]
        • v. 想象; 猜测; 臆想; 认为;
    • imitate
      • [ˈɪmɪteɪt]
        • vt. 模仿，效仿; 仿造，伪造;
      • 来源于im-产生的拉丁语动词imit.ari(复制)。 词根词缀： imit-复制 + -ate动词词尾 同源词：imagine, image
    • imitation
      • [ˌɪmɪˈteɪʃn]
        • n. 模仿，仿效; 仿制品; 赝品; [生]拟态;
  • 本能
    • instinct
      • [ˈɪnstɪŋkt]
        • n.本能，天性；直觉；天分，天赋
          • The birds can fly by instinct.
        • adj.充满（某种品质，尤指好品质）的
      • in-,进入，使，-stinct,刺，原义为刺激，推动，后引申词义天生的能力，本能，天性。
      • 字根
        • stinct,sting,stig,sti = to prick,to bind （来自拉丁语）
      • by instinct
    • distinct
      • [dɪˈstɪŋkt]
        • adj. 不同的; 清楚的，明显的; 确切的;
      • di-分离 + -stinct-刺 → 以刺的记号区分
    • stick
      • [stɪk]
        • n. 枯枝; 棍，棒（状物）; 批评，指责;
        • v. 粘，贴；铭记在心；刺，扎，戳； 容忍; 被证明成立; 放置; 附着于; 固定不动;
      • 来源于原始印欧语stig-,steig-(刺,戳) 词源同 sting,stack.引申诸相关词义。
    • sting
      • [stɪŋ]
        • vt. 叮，螫; 刺痛; 精神上刺痛; 刺激;
        • vi. 感到剧痛; 刺，叮;
        • n. 螫伤处; （某些昆虫的）毒刺; （身体或心灵的）剧痛; （警察为抓捕罪犯而设的）圈套;
      • 刺，插，词源同 stake,stick,instinct.引申诸相关词义。
  • 变化
    • vary
      • [ˈveəri]
        • v. 不同; 变化，变异;
      • -vari-变化 → vary来自拉丁语 vario,改变。
    • variety
      • [vəˈraɪəti]
        • n. 多种多样; 多样化; 种类; 综艺节目;
      • var(i) = change + -ety名词词尾
  • 不像
    • like
      • [laɪk]
        • vt. 喜欢；（与 would 或 should 连用表示客气）想；想要；喜欢做;
        • prep. （表示属性）像；（表示方式）如同；（询问意见）…怎么样；（表示列举）比如;
        • adj. 相似的；相同的;
        • n. 相类似的人[事物]；喜好；爱好；（尤指被视为没有某人或某物那么好的）种类，类型;
        • conj. 像…一样；如同；好像；仿佛;
        • adv. （非正式口语，代替 as）和…一样；如；（非正式口语，思考说下句话、解释或举例时用）大概；可能;
      • 缩写自古英语gelic,同样，相似，ge-,一起，-lic,身体，形体，并衍生后缀-ly.引申词义同类，相似，喜欢。
    • unlike
      • [ˌʌnˈlaɪk]
        • prep. 不像; 与…不同; 与…平时不同;
        • adj. 不同的，不像的;
    • dislike
      • [dɪsˈlaɪk]
        • v. 不喜欢;
        • n. 不喜欢; 厌恶的事物;
  • 方面
    • respect
      • [rɪˈspekt]
        • n. 尊敬; 重视; 方面;
        • v. 尊重，仰慕; 遵守;
      • re-,再，-spect,看，词源同 specter,retrospect.即再看，反复看，引申词义尊敬，尊重。
• Grammar point
  • 倒装
    • 全部倒装
      • 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。
        • here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run等表示来去或状态的动词。
          • Then came the chairman.
            • 那时总裁来了。
          • Here is your letter.
            • 你的信。
        • 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。
          • Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
            • 轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。
          • Ahead sat an old woman.
            • 前面坐着一个老妪。
          • 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
            • Here he comes.
              • 他来了。
            • Away they went.
              • 他们走开了。
        • 当 here, there, then, thus 等副词放在句首,并且谓语动词为 come, go, be 等不及物动词时.
          • Here is a book for you.
          • There goes the bell.
          • Here comes the bus!
    • 部分倒装
      • 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
        • 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等需要倒装。
          • Never have I seen such a performance.
            • 从未见过如此糟糕的表演。
          • Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
            • 无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。
          • Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
            • 母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。
          • 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
            • I have never seen such a performance. The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
          • 典型例题
            • Why can't I smoke here? At no time___ in the meeting-room
              • A. is smoking permitted B.smoking is permitted C. smoking is it permitted D.does smoking permit
                • 答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
            • Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
              • A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know
                • 答案D. 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。
                • 改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
        • 当表示否定意义的词放在句首时,句子需部分倒装,即将助动词,情态动词或 be 提至主语之前.常见的这样的词有:never, hardly, little, not only, rarely, scarcely
          • Hardly had he said anything before he left.
        • Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than等，要倒装。
          • Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
            • 他没有收下礼物，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。
          • Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
            • 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。
          • No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
            • 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。
          • 典型例题
            • No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
            • A. the game began B.has the game begun C. did the game begin D.had the game begun
              • 答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句（谓语前置）。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but （also）, no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when等等。
              • 注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构，如Not only you but also I am fond of music。
        • 句首为 so, neither, nor作部分倒装等副词表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装
          • He can speak fluent English. So can I.
            • 他能说一口流利的英语。我也会。
          • I can’t play computer games. Nor can he.
            • 我不能玩电脑游戏。他也不能。
          • Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
            • 汤姆会讲法语，杰克也会。
          • If you won't go, neither will I.
            • 你不去，我也不去。
          • 典型例题
            • ---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother? ---I don't know, _____.
            • A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
              • 答案：B. nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定，C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。D缺乏连词。
              • 注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。
                • Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. 汤姆邀我去踢球，我去了。
                • ---It's raining hard.---So it is. 雨下得真大。是呀。
        • only 引出的状语放在句首时.
          • only after class did he go home.
          • only when you finish your homework can you watch TV.
          • Only in this way, can you learn English well.
            • 只有这样，你才能学好英语。
          • Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
            • 叫了三次，他才来参加会议。
          • 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。
            • Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed.
              • 病得狠重时，他才卧床休息。
    • as, though 引导的倒装句
      • as / though引导的让步状语从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。
        • Adj + as + 主语 + be:
          • Young as he is, he knows a lot.
        • N(不带冠词) + as +主语 + be:
          • King as he is, he is unhappy.
        • Adv + as + 主语 + 动词:
          • Fast as you run, you can’t catch up with her.
        • 动词 + as + 主语 + 助动词:
          • Try as she does,she will never pass it.
        • 但需注意：
          • 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
          • 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
            • Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
              • 他工作很努力，但总不能让人满意。
      • 注意：让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。其他部分倒装
    • 其他部分倒装
      • 当句子主语过长或需要强调某些词时.
        • More important is the question of how to face the possibilities of illness, injury, and even death.
      • so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。
        • So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
          • 他害怕得很，动也不敢动。
      • 用在 may + 主语 + 动词原形…句式中,表示祝愿,希望.
        • May you succeed!
        • May you be happy!
        • May you all be happy.
          • 愿你们都快乐。
      • 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
        • Were I you, I would try it again.
          • 我是你的话，就再试一次。
        • If I had left earlier, I would have caught the train.
          • = Had I left earlier, I would have caught the train.
        • If it should drain tomorrow,we would call off our picnic.
          • = Should it rain tomorrow,we would call off our picnic.
      • 典型例题：
        • Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
          • A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know
            • 答案为D.否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
        • Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
          • A. didn't I realizeB. did I realizeC. I didn't realizeD. I realize
            • 答案为B。
        • Do you know Tom bought a new car? I don't know, ___.
          • A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neitherD. I don't care also
            • 答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。
• 短语表达
  • a great deal
    • There is a great deal of concern about energy shortage.
      • 人们非常担心能源短缺。
    • We learned a great deal from her.
  • be like
    • Look at the little boy, he is so much like his father.
    • War is not like what he described in his novel.
      • 战争不像他在小说中描述的那样。
  • have time for
    • I don't know why he didn't have time for breakfast.
    • Don't worry, we will have enough time for discussion.
      • 别担心，我们会有足够的时间讨论的。
  • engage in
    • He is trying very hard to engage the woman in further conversation.
      • 他非常努力地想让那个女人继续和他交谈。
    • It is not appropriate for a former president to engage in commerce.
      • 前总统从事商业活动是不合适的。
  • take care of
    • The old people are well taken care of in the nursing homes.
    • She took care of her little brother while mother was away.
  • in some / many respects（在某些/许多方面）
    • in one / this respect（在某一方面/这方面）
    • He is different from the people around him in many respects.
    • We are lagging behind at least in one respect.
      • 我们至少在一个方面落后了
  • except
    • I knew nothing about Jane except what I had heard at the party.
    • There was nothing we could do except wait and pray.
    • All the boys except Tom went camping last week.
    • In the evening she never went any where except to the nearest coffee house.
    • except
      • [ɪkˈsept]
        • prep. 除了…之外;
        • conj. 除了;
        • v. 不包括;
  • connect with
    • There is no evidence to connect the young man with the theft.
      • 没有证据表明这个年轻人与盗窃案有关。
    • Good health is connected with diet.
      • 健康与饮食有关。
    • There are serious questions connected with the radio active waste disposal
      • 有一些严重的问题与放射性废物处理有关(放射性废料的处理).
    • connect
      • [kəˈnekt]
        • v. (使)连接/接通; 把…联系起来; 联运; (使)换乘; 产生共鸣;
      • con-加强意义 + -nect-连接
  • make improvement in
    • The company made great improvement in the wages and working conditions of the employees.
      • 公司在员工的工资和工作条件方面做了很大的改善。
    • Animals do not make any real improvement in their ways of doing things.
      • 动物并没有在它们的行为方式上做出任何真正的改进。
  • by instinct
    • She knew by instinct that he wouldn't be back.
      • 她凭直觉知道他不会回来了。
    • Birds build their nests by instinct.
  • speak of
    • Professor Black well always speaks highly of his assistant.
      • 布莱克教授总是对他的助手评价很高。
    • Did he speak of the serious earth quake that struck Taiwan last week?
      • 他提到上周发生在台湾的严重地震了吗?
  • let out
    • “Let me out,” the boy shouted,but nobody came.
    • The prisoners were let out of their cells.
      • 囚犯们被放出了牢房。
  • as if
    • He looked at me as if I were mad.
      • 他看着我，好像我疯了似的。
    • She opened her eyes as if conscious of my gaze.
      • 她睁开眼睛，好像意识到了我的注视。
    • He works so hard as if he never knew fatigue.
      • 他工作那么努力，好像从来不知道疲劳似的。
  • have one's wits about one〔机警，保持警觉〕
    • In this part of the city you have to have your wits about you all the time.
    • He felt it unnecessary to have his wits about him on such a friendly occasion.
    • wits
      • [wɪts]
        • n. 风趣( wit的名词复数 ); 善于说俏皮话的能力; 心智; 才智;
        • v. 风趣( wit的第三人称单数 ); 善于说俏皮话的能力; 心智; 才智;
    • wit
      • [wɪt]
        • n. 风趣; 才思; 理解力; 智力; 明智;
  • a variety of
    • Don't bother him, he has a variety of duties to perform.
      • 别打扰他了，他有各种各样的事情要做。
    • The college library has a wide variety of books.
  • difference between
    • Will you please tell me the difference between the two countries?
    • I cannot see any difference between the two oil paintings.