a system of vocal sounds and combinations of of such sounds to which meaning is attributed,used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings
the written representation of such a system
2
any means of expressing or communicating,ascommunicating ,as geatures, signs,or animal sounds
a special set of symbols, letters,numerals,rules etc. used for the transmission of information,as in a computer
Design Features of language
Arbitrariness 任意性
语言符号和这些符号所指的实体间不存在任何物质的联系
the syntactic level 句法层次
Duality 双重性
creativity 创造性
duality
the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produce or heard.
recursiveness 递进性
therecursive nature of language provides a theoretical a basis for this possibility.EX.He bought a book which was written by a teacher who taughr in a school which was known for its graduates who...
Displaceement 移位性
human languages enable their ueser to aynbolize object, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space ) at the moment od communication.语言能够指称说话人即时情景以外的语境。
displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power tohandle generalizations and abstractions. 归纳总结概括，抽象
origin of language
three theories
The "bow-wow" theory
The "pooh-pooh"theory
The "yo-he-ho"theory
function of language
informative funcation 信息功能
it is predominantly the major role of language
to give information about facts or thoughts
陈述句体现了语言的信息功能
interpersonal function 人际功能
the most important sociological use of language
By which people eatablish and maintain their status in a society. Express identity EX. Dear professor, yours...signal
performative funcation
the funcation is promarily to change the social status of person,as in marriage ceremonies, the sebtebcing of criminals, the blessing of children...
the kind og langusge employed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized
emotive function
emotive funcation of language helps to change the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something
phatiic cimmunion
it refers to the social ineractionof language.It seemingly meaningly expressions to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without involving ang factual content.
recreational funcation
the use of language for the hearty joy of using it
metalingual funcation 用语言分析语言
其他语言学家的分类
Jakobson
referencetial
emotive
conative
phatice
metalingual
Halliday 三大元功能
ideational function 概念功能
interpersnal funcation 人际功能
textual funcation 语篇功能
linguistics
definition
linguistics is usually defined as the science of language or, alternatively, as the scientific study of language.研究语言的学科
the main branches of llinguistics
phonetics 语音学
Phonology 语系学
Morphology 形态学
Syntax 句法
Semantics 语义学
Pragmatics 语用学
macrolinguitics 宏观语言学
psycholinguistics 心理语言学
it relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language.
Sociolinguistics 社会心理学
Anthropological linguistics 人类学语言学
computational linguistics 计算机语言学
Important Distinctions in Linguisticss
Descriptive vs. Prescriptive
Descriptive 描述性
客观系统地记录一种语言的模式和用法或变化
说语言学是一门描述性的科学，就是说语言学家试图发现和记录一个语言共同体的成员实际遵守的规则，而不寻求把其他的规则或规范的正确性强加给他们.to say that linguistics is a descriptive science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of a language community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules,or norms, of correctness
the nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with description insteat of prescription
Prescriptive 规律性
对语言正确用法的权威规定
Synchronic vs. Diachronic
Synchronic 共时
在某一理论的时间点研究语言的方法
synchrony is a fiction ,for language changes as the minutes pass and grammer-writing is a lengthy enterprise. 理想状态
Diachronic 历时
研究语言随时间发展变化的方法
Lanngue & Parole （Saussure)
langue 语言
一个“语言社团”共有的语言系统the linguistic competence of the speaker
Parole 言语
说话人说的实际话语 the actual phenomena or data of linguistics
Competence & Performance (Chomsky)
Competence 语言能力
the ideal ueser's knowledge of the rules of his language
理想状态
performance 语言应用
the actual realization of this konwledge in linguistic communication
