第二十一课下It Never Rains but It Pours!谚

这是一篇关于第二十一课下It Never Rains but It Pours!谚的思维导图，主要内容有课文、New Words、Some proverbsin the text。

It Never Rains but It Pours! 谚语趣谈：不雨则已，一雨倾盆

• 课文
  • An hour before midnight is worth two after or so my mother used to tell me as I sat down to breakfast after a particularly late night. Hut is it really true that sleep before 12 p. m. is twice as good for you as sleep after that hour? At the time, like most young people, I regarded this proverb as an old wive's tale with no relevance to my own life. I mean, an hour is an hour... it's 60 minutes,a. m. or p. m. However, now older and wiser, I remember my mother's words as t scramble into bed at 11 o'clock. I am now a firm believer in the value of getting at least one hour's sleep before midnight!
    • 每当在头一天晚上我睡得特别晚，第二天早晨坐下来去吃早餐时，我母亲过去总是会对我说"一半夜睡一个小时胜过下半夜睡两小时"之类的话。但是半夜 12 点以前的睡眠质量真的会比半夜 12 点以后的睡眠要好一倍吗？当时，我像绝大多数年青人一样，认为这一句谚语是跟我自己的生活毫无关系的，这是一句不知老太婆们瞎编的愚蠢的话。我认为，一小时就是一小时，不管是上半夜还是下半夜，反正都是 60 分钟。可是现在，因为我年龄大了，也比以前更懂事了，每当我在晚上 11 点钟爬进被子里时，我就想起了我妈所说的话。现在我坚信在半夜零点以前取低限度要提前一个小时入睡，这的确大有好处。
  • Advice about how to live a healthy life is one example of the type of received wisdom which is condensed and passed on to the next generation in the form of proverbs. Proverbs also serve to express general truths in a short and colourful way, for example, There's no smoke without fire, meaning that there is generally some truth in even the wildest rumours.
    • 关于如何才能活得健康的忠告就是公认的智慧的一个很典型的例子，并把这些智慧浓缩成谚语的形式代代相传。条条谚语都能用简明生动丰富多彩的方式表达普遍的真理。例如： "无火不生烟，无风不起浪。"说的就是，即使是言过其实的流言蜚语，一般说来也总会有点真实的成分在里面的。
  • Another type of proverb acts as a reminder of the correct way to behave, for example, Don ' t wash your dirty linen in public. This means don't discuss personal or family problems in front of strangers or in public. Other proverbs are offered to people as means of comfort in times of trouble, for example, It's no use crying over spilt milk. This proverb advises that it really is a waste of time to weep over mistakes that have already been made. instead, it is much better to Make the best of a bad job - to do your best whatever the situation.
    • 还有一种类型的谚语，它所起的作用就是提醒人们举止行为要得体。例如，"别在公众面前洗你的脏衬裤--家丑不可外扬。"这意思就是说，不要在陌生人群中或当着大家的面来讨论个人隐私或者家务事。还有一些谚语在人们处于困境时给人以安慰，例如："牛奶洒了，哭也没用。--覆水难收，悲有何益？"这条谚语劝告人们，既然已经做错了事情，痛哭流泪、唉声叹气实际上都是有浪费时间。与此相反，"要尽最大的努力把坏事干成好事--随遇而安，转祸为福。"这种态度要好得多--不论遇到任何情况总要用最大的努力把事情做好。
  • Some English proverbs are native to Britain, for example, It never rains but it pours, a reference to the joys of the British weather! This proverb means that when one thing goes wrong, many other things go wrong as well. Another home-grown proverb is Every dog is allowed one bite. This proverb is based on an old English law dating back to the 17th century. The law said that the first time a dog bit somebody, its owner did not have to pay compensation o the victim because one bite did not prove that the dog was vicious. Hence the idea carried in the proverb, that everyone should be allowed to make a mistake without being punished for it.
    • 有些英文谚语来自英国。例如，"不雨则已，一雨倾盆--福无双至，祸不单行。"这说明英国人都喜欢谈天气。这条谚语的意思是如果一件事出了差错接连着很多其他事也都出了差错。还有一条出自英国本土的谚语是"每条狗初次咬人都是可以原谅的--人非圣贤孰能无过。 "这条谚语是 17 世纪时的一条古老的英国法律为基础而衍化出来的。这条法律说，狗初次咬人，狗的主人不必向受害人支付赔偿金，因为仅咬一口并不能证明这条狗就是一条恶狗。因此，这种想法，即允许任何人初次犯错误，不必给予惩罚，就包含在这条谚语当中了。
  • Other proverbs have come into the language from Latin or Greek. Lucretius, a classical Roman author, created the proverb One man's meat is another man's poison, meaning that what is good for one person can be harmful to another. And the proverb Let sleeping dogs lie meaning don't cause trouble when it can be avoided, came into English from the French in the 14th century.
    • 还有一些谚语是从拉丁文或希腊文移植到英语里面的。一位古典时期的古罗马作家留克利希阿斯创造了下面这一条谚语："同一块肉，吃肥了张三却毒死了李四--穿衣戴帽各好一套，萝卜白菜各有所爱。"意思是对某一个人有好处的可能对另一个人有害。而这一条谚语： "让睡觉的那群狗继续躺着吧睡吧。--别捅马蜂窝。"意思是能避免就尽量避免，不要去惹麻烦。这条谚语是从 14 世纪的法语移植到英语中来的。
  • As Britain came into contact with other countries and cultures, English became enriched with the words and wisdom of different languages. From the Chinese, we borrowed the colourful proverb He who rides a tiger is afraid to dismount, meaning that if you start on a dangerous enterprise, it is often easier to carry it through to the end than to stop halfway.
    • 由于英国逐渐同其他一些国家和其他一些文化打交道，不同语言的词汇和智慧使英语逐渐丰富起来。从汉语，我们借用了这条活灵活现的谚语"骑虎难下"，意思就是如果你开创了一项危险而又艰巨复杂的事业，与其半途而废，倒不如进行到底会更顺利一些。
  • Some proverbs have been in the language for 1, 000 years, for example, A friend in need is a friend indeed. The message here is that someone who stays with you and helps you in times of trouble, rather than turning their back, is a true friend. Other proverb, however, are much more recent, and reflect changes in the way that we live.
    • 有些谚语在语言中已经流传有 1000 多年了，例如，"患难中相助的朋友才是真正的朋友。--患难见真交"。这条谚语是说，你在患难时这位朋友仍然不离开你，仍然帮助你，而不是掉转脊背就跑开了，这样的朋友才是真正的朋友。但是，也有些谚语相当现代，这些新时兴的谚语反映出我们的生活方式的一些变化。
  • From the United States come the following two pieces of new wisdom, Garbage in - garbage out, from the computer world, reminds people that computers are only as good as their programs.From big business we have There's no such thing as a free lunch, meaning nothing is free. If someone buys you lunch, they will expect a favour in return.
    • 从美国传来了下列两句绝妙的好词："无用信息输入--无用信息输出，--废料进，废料出。 "这源出自电子计算机的待业用语。它提示人们只有输入计算机的程序编制得好电子计算机才能输出好。从干大事业的人那里，我们学到一句话"根本就不会有白白请你吃顿饭那回事。--礼下于人必有所求。"意思是没有任何时是可以不付出代价的。如果将来有人给你买了一份便餐，那个人肯定想从你那里得到好处以便作为报答。
  • Some English people are reluctant to use proverbs in their everyday conversation because they see them as vehicles of too much used wisdom. Nevertheless, proverbs are still quite common in both written and spoken English and continue to provide a homely commentary on life and a reminder that the wisdom of our ancestors may still be useful to us today.
    • 有部分英国人在日常谈话中不大愿意使用谚语，因为他们认为这些谚语过于老生常谈了。然而，谚语在书面英语和口语英语中还是使用得很广的。谚语可继续用在以家常话来谈论的日常生活当中，因而让我们想到我们祖先的智慧在今天对我们还是十分有用的。
• New Words
  • 有关的
    • relevant
      • [ˈreləvənt]
        • adj. 有关的，中肯的; 相关联的; 确切的; 有重大意义[作用]的，实质性的;
    • relevance
      • ['reləvəns]
        • n. 重要性; 意义; 相关性; 关联；适当；中肯;
    • 来自拉丁语 relevare,减轻，来自 re-,表强调，levare,举起，词源同 lever,lighten,relieve.即减轻 的，起作用的，引申诸相关词义。
      • lev(liev) = to raise（举, 升）, to light（轻的） 表示“提高, 举起, 变轻”
        • 来自拉丁语的levare意为to raise,to lift, light,smooth等。其变形为liev。
          • Latin: light in weight, lightness; to raise, to rise, to lift
  • 想起
    • remind
      • [rɪˈmaɪnd]
        • vt. 使想起，使记起; 提醒;
      • re-再 + mind( -ment- )记忆 → 使再想起
    • reminder
      • [rɪˈmaɪndə(r)]
        • n. 令人回忆起…的东西; 提醒…的东西; （告知该做某事的）通知单; 提示信;
  • 表现
    • have
      • [hæv,həv]
        • aux. 用以构成完成式及完成式的不定式，表示已经…;
        • vt. 有，具有; 拿，取得; 从事; 必须，不得不;
        • n. 〈口〉有产者，有钱人; 富国; 〈英俚〉欺骗，诈骗;
      • 来自古英语habban,拥有，占有，来自Proto-Germanic*haben,来自PIE*kap,抓住，词源同capable,heavy.
        • -cap-拿取 → have 同源词：heave
    • behave
      • [bɪˈheɪv]
        • vi. 表现; 举止端正; 自然反应;
        • vt. 使守规矩;
      • 前缀be-, 强调。have, 持有，举止。
    • behavior
      • [bɪ'heɪvjə]
        • n. 行为; 态度; （机器等的）运转状态; （事物的）反应;
  • 补偿
    • compensate
      • [ˈkɒmpenseɪt]
        • vt. 补偿，赔偿; 报酬; 抵消;
        • vi. 补偿，弥补;
      • com-加强意义 + -pens-支付 + -ate动词词尾
      • com-, 强调。-pend, 悬垂，称量，词源同pendulum, pound. 即称量使对等的，补偿。
    • compensation
      • [ˌkɒmpenˈseɪʃn]
        • n. 补偿，赔偿; 修正; 补救办法;
    • pend, pens(pond, penc) = hang悬挂, weigh 称量, pay 花费
      • 来源于拉丁语动词pendeo, pendere, pependi, - (悬挂,下垂); pendo, pendere, pependi, pensus(称量;支付)。
        • =to hang,to weigh,to pay,to consider,其汉语意思概括为：“悬挂；称量；付钱”，其中“悬挂”是基本义，后二个是根据“悬挂”的这基本义引申而来。
          • Latin: hang, hanging; weigh, weighing; to cause to hang down; related to words in this pond- unit.
          • 为什么会有这三个意思呢？这与古罗马时期用天平“称量”和to pay（支付）有关，在当时是用来称黄金的重量，这样下来才有了三种不同含义；这二个词根的变形有：pond,penc是pens变形，pond,poise是pend的变形。这些词根都有上面三个意思。
        • (1)称量物体的重量时，须将物体悬起，吊起，因此，悬挂(物体)→称量(物体的质量)
        • (2)金，银等物作为钱币使用时，付钱须称量其重量，因此，称量(金，银等重量)→付钱、支出，花费
        • (3)因此，pend，pens由“悬挂”引申为“称量”，再引申为“付钱，支出，花费”
      • pend来源于拉丁动词 pendere
      • pens来源于拉丁动词pendere的动名词pensum
    • -pand-, -pans-延伸,扩展
      • 来源于拉丁语动词pando, pandere, pandi, pans.us(延伸,扩展)。
  • 恶习
    • vice
      • [vaɪs]
        • n. 恶习; 不道德行为; （肉体的）缺陷，疾病; （文体等的）缺点，瑕疵;
        • prep. 代替; 取代;
        • adj. 副的; 代替的;
        • vt. 用老虎钳夹紧; 钳制;
      • 来自拉丁语 vitium,缺陷，过错，污点，字母 c,t 音变，词源同 vicious,vitiate.引申词义罪行。
    • vicious
      • [ˈvɪʃəs]
        • adj. 邪恶的，恶毒的; 有恶意的; 凶猛的; 有缺点的;
      • 来自 vice,罪行，邪恶，引申词义恶性的。
      • vicious circle: 恶性循环
    • virtue
      • [ˈvɜ:tʃu:]
        • n. 美德; 德行; 价值; 长处;
      • 来自拉丁语 vir,男人，词源同 virile.引申词义男人应有的品行和美德，具体为 7 种基本品行： justice,prudence,temperance,fortitude,hope,faith,charity.（正义、审慎、节制、坚毅、希望、信仰、慈善机构）后来词义通用化，也用来指女人的美 德，贞洁等。
    • virtuous
      • [ˈvɜ:tʃuəs]
        • adj. 有道德的，有德行的; 善良的; 贞洁的; 有效力的;
  • 因此
    • hence
      • [hens]
        • adv. 因此，所以; 从此; 从此处;
      • hen-,这里，词源同here,hither,-ce,副词后缀。即就此分开，离开，引申词义因此，由此。
      • =for this reason
    • here
      • [hɪə(r)]
        • adv. 在这里; 这时; 在这一点上; （给某人东西或指出某物时说）;
        • n. 这里;
        • int. 喂; 嗨;
      • 来自古英语her,此地，这里，来自Proto-Germanic*hi,来自PIE*ki,这里，这个，词源同hence,hither,-r,副词后缀。
  • 富有
    • rich
      • [rɪtʃ]
        • adj. 富有的; 肥沃的; 丰富多彩的; 油腻的;
      • 来源于原始印欧语reg-(沿直线移动,直的,规则),在拉丁语中派生了regere(统治)和rex(国王)。拉丁语rex(国王)在凯尔特语中为rix(国王),被史前日耳曼语借用后在英语中派生了rich。 同源词：-reg-, royal, right，词义的演变体现了权钱的关系。
    • enrich
      • [ɪnˈrɪtʃ]
        • vt. 使富裕，使富有; 给…添加肥料; 使…美味; 装饰;
  • 上进心
    • enter
      • [ˈentə(r)]
        • vt.& vi. 进入; 开始; 参加; 登记;
    • prise
      • [praɪz]
        • vt. 撬动; 捕获; 欣赏;
        • n. 奖赏; 捕获; 撬杠;
    • enterprise
      • [ˈentəpraɪz]
        • n. 企（事）业单位; 事业，计划; 事业心，进取心;
      • enter(inter-)之间 + -pris-包含 + -e
      • enter-, 更里面，中间。-prise, 拿，承担，缩写自prehend, 词源同apprise, comprehend. 后用来指企业，特别是具有冒险精神的，能承担风险和具有挑战精神的企业。
    • enterprising
      • [ˈentəpraɪzɪŋ]
        • adj. 有事业心的; 有进取心的; 有魄力的; 大胆的;
    • inter-
      • 前缀
        • 在...之间、...际
          • Although abstracted from the many compounds in which it entered English, the form inter- was not generally considered a living prefix in English until the 1400s.
          • During the later period of Middle English many words borrowed in the Old and Middle French forms entre-, enter- began to be consciously respelled with Latin inter-; although vestiges of the older French borrowings are found in entertain and enterprise.
          • The living prefix inter- is now freely added to almost any element in English to create such formations with the meaning of "between" and "among". The words formed by intra- are closely related to this inter- prefix; in fact, they both apparently came from the same Latin source.
        • 互相
      • 字根
        • 整, 全
    • pris, prehend, prehens(pren, pregn, priev) = to take, to seize
      • 拉丁词根prehend来源于拉丁语的动词prehendere意为to seize，prehens是动名词词干，而pris则是prehens 在法语中的变体。prehend,prehens的变形有pren,pregn,priev，同义词根有来自拉丁语的cap/capt/cept/ceiv(cip,cup,ceit) ,empt/em,rap/rav,sum/sumpt,lab/lep等。
  • 车辆
    • vehicle
      • [ˈvi:əkl]
        • n. 车辆; 交通工具; 手段; 工具;
      • 词根词缀： veh(way)路 + -icle名词词尾,工具，词源同 wagon,way.引申词义交通 工具。
        • 来自拉丁语 vehere,携带，运载，来自 PIE*wegh,走，运送，
      • veh, vect(veigh, vex) = to carry，Latin: quantity having magnitude and direction; carrier, bearer, conveyer; from the stem of vehere, "to carry, to convey, to cart"
        • 来自拉丁语的veh,vect 意为to carry ,它的变形为veigh ,vex。同义词根有来自拉丁语的fer,lat,ger/gest,prot 和来自希腊语的phor/pher。
• Some proverbsin the text
  • It never rains but it pours.
    • 译：不雨则已，一雨倾盆。比喻：祸不单行。
  • There’s no smoke without fire.
    • 译：无风不起浪。（苍蝇不叮无缝的蛋。）
  • Don’t wash your dirty linen in public.
    • 译：家丑不可外扬。
  • It’s no use crying over split milk.
    • 译：覆水难收。
  • Make the best of a bad work.
    • 译：亡羊补牢。
  • Ever dog is allowed one bite.
    • 译:人非圣贤，孰能无过？
  • one man’s meat is another man’s poison.
    • 译：对这个人有利的未必对那个人也有利。
  • He who rides a tiger is afraid to dismount.
    • 译：骑虎难下。
  • Afriend in need is a friend indeed.
    • 译：患难中的朋友才是真朋友。
  • There’s no such thing as a free lunch.
    • 译：无故献殷勤，必有大企图。
  • Let sleeping dogs lie.
    • 莫惹是非。
• 主题
  • relevance to / be relevant to
    • What he said had no relevance to the present question.
    • They could not forward any relevant proof.
  • believe in
    • I believe him but I don't believe in him.
    • He believes in Christianity.
  • pass on to
    • Would you please pass this message on to Xiao Li?
    • Thank you for passing the news on to me.
  • in the form of
    • He showed his appreciation to her in the form of a letter of hanks.
    • They gave the children a lot of help in the form of books.
  • a reminder of
    • This proverb can be used as a reminder of the correct way to behave.
    • This picture is a reminder of my past.
  • in times of
    • They are said to be more intelligent in times of difficulties.
    • This could be a comfort in times of trouble.
  • be native to
    • Rice is believed to be native to China.
    • This saying is native to the American Indians.
  • go wrong
    • When anything goes wrong with his car he will hasten to his auto repairman.
    • I don't know what has gone wrong with my computer.
  • be based on
    • His comments are based on facts.
    • This film is based on the life story of a general.
  • date back to
    • This invention can be dated back to the Han Dynasty.
    • This old law dated back to the 17th century.
  • pay compensation to
    • The insurance company would pay compensation to the victims.
    • The supermarket refused to pay any compensation to the customer.
  • be harmful to
    • Excessive smoking is harmful to your health.
    • TV violence is harmful to children.
  • come into contact with
    • China came into more contact with the outside world in the late 1980s.
    • We learned more as we came into contact with them.
  • borrow from
    • He borrowed a lot of money from his friends.
    • Some of the English words are borrowed from other languages.
  • start on
    • He started on his journey last week.
    • You have to get well prepared if you want to start on a dangerous enterprise.
  • in return
    • They gave you so much help, what are you going to do in return?
    • I didn't expect any favor fromyou in return.
  • be reluctant to
    • He is reluctant to make any comment on this issue.
    • The boy was reluctant to tell his father the truth