The positvist school: Psychology as a discipline of study grew directly out of philosophy.This approach begins with the premise that knowledge and facts exists within the real world and can be discovered by setting up experiments in which conditions are carefully controlled and where hypotheses are set up and tested.
Behaviourism: is an approach to psychology that has its roots within positivism, and which has had a profound influence on language teaching throughout the world. This approach arose out of the ideas of early learning theorists who attempted to explain all learning in terms of some form of conditioning.
S-R theory: It is a theory derived form behavorism.he most well-known example is that of the Russian Pavlov who demonstrated with dogs and other animals that a response (e.g. salivation) generated by one stimulus (e.g. food) could be produced by introducing a second stimulus (e.g. a bell) at the same time. This came to be known as S-R (Stimulus-Response) theory or classical conditioning.It was postulated that all human behaviour could be explained in terms of the way in which simple S-R connections were built up.
B.F.Skinner(选择）
Audiolingualism
limitations: Five
教师使用听说法的原因
Teachers who lack confidence tend to be less frightened of these techniques, whereas allowing language to develop through meaningful interaction in the classroom can be considerably more daunting, and requires teachers with some professional knowledge. An audiolingual methodology can also be used by teachers whose own knowledge of the target language is limited.
Advantages
① Train students to take the initiative to use the language to speak and improve their oral ability .
② The practice is of great important to beginners and make Ss
standardize their language .
认知心理学
Cognitive psychology(名词解释）: is concerned with the way in which the human mind thinks and learns.interested in the mental processes that are involved in learning. This includes such aspects as how people build up and draw upon their memories and the ways in which they become involved in the process of learning.In a cognitive approach, the learner is seen as an active participant in the learning process, using various mental strategies in order to sort out the system of the language to be learned.
Information processing: cognitive psychologists who take this approach to learning are mainly concerned with the way in which people take in information, process it and act upon it. Thus it can be seen that such factors as attention, perception and memory become the focus of the work of information processing theorists.
Memory: Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). 阿特金森和谢夫林的记忆存贮模型
This model describes the memory process in terms of a sensory register where stimuli are initially recorded for a brief amount of time before being passed into short-term (or tvorking) memory if attention is given to them
Advance organisers: Ausubel has a significant place in the history of educational psychology. the principal function of advance organisers is to act as a bridge between what learners already know and what they need to know.when introducing a new topic or set of ideas to begin by talking about what will follow from these ideas even before the ideas themselves are grasped.
