3、the micro-ecnomic environment

ACCA-BT第三章的思维导图，主要内容有basic concepts、demand、supply、price等内容。

the micro-ecnomic environment

• basic concepts
  • market
    • potential buyers&sellers
    • exchange with goods or services
  • utility效用
    • pleasure as a result of consumption of goodsor services
    • marginal uility边际效用 [递减]：每多消费一个单位的...所带来的新增愉悦感
    • total utility
  • assumption about consumer rationality理性经济人假设
  • price theory
    • interaction of demand&supply affects market price
• demand
  • demand curve需求曲线[反比]
    • point movement(本商品价格变动导致)
      • expansion/contraction in demand
    • shift线的位移
      • increase[right]/decrease in demand
      • 影响因素
        • income level&distributable income可灵活支配收入
        • price of substites替代品价格
        • price of complements
        • taste&perference品味、偏好
        • expectation of futrue price预期未来价格
          • ，demand增加
        • population人口基数
  • PED:price elasticity of demand需求弹性
    • • <1：inelastic无弹性（price insensitive不敏感）
      • =1：unit elastic
      • >1：elastic
    • PED(arc)
    • PED(point)
  • IED：income elasticity of demand需求的收入弹性
    • • <0：inferior goods劣质品
      • 0<IED<1：necessities
      • >1：luxury goods奢侈品
  • XED：cross elasticity of demand需求的交叉弹性
    • • <0：complement
      • =0：unrelated
      • >0：substitute
• supply
  • supply curve[正比]
    • shift
      • cost of making the good
      • price of other goods(生产者能生产且供应的商品)
        • ，该产品supply下降
      • expectation of future price changes
        • ,supply增加
      • changes in technology
        • 科技发展，供应量增加
• price
  • equilibrium price均衡价格
  • price mechanism价格机制
    • supply&demand will push prices towards equilibrium price（前提：无外力）
  • maximum price
    • 政府认为市场价过高
      • protect consumer
    • consequence
      • demand增加，supply减少
        • excess demand
      • black market
  • minimum price
    • protect supplier
    • consequence
      • demand减少，supply增加
        • excess supply
      • waste of resources
• economic behaviour of cost
  • long-term
  • short-term
    • 过了价格最低点：diseconomices of scale(规模不经济)
  • price(quantity)曲线先下降后上升
• markets
  • perfect market完全竞争市场
    • many buyers&sellers
    • identical 商品、服务一样
    • no barriers
    • have perfect information of the market
  • imperfect market
    • monopolistic competition垄断竞争市场
      • many producers
      • product differentiation
      • fewer barriers
    • oligopolies寡头市场
      • few dominant(主导的) producers
      • significant(显著的) barriers to entry
      • high level of influence on price
    • monopoly垄断市场(一家独大)
      • one producer
      • no close sustitutes
      • high power to determine price
• fall in...（表示差值）