导图社区 英语-第二章-代词
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英语-第二章-代词
基础英语语法，代词包括人称代词，物主代词，指示代词，不定式代词，反身代词，疑问代词，关系代词，相互代词。
编辑于2022-10-24 21:01:42- 英语代词
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代词
人称代词
概述：人称代词是代替人或事物的代词
基本用法
主格
作主语，放在谓动前
We must look after them
作表语，在口语中常使用宾客
--Who is it? --it's me/I It was me/I who did it
宾格
作宾语，，放在谓动或介词后
He often helps me with my English
特殊用法
在比较状语从句中的as,than之后，用主格和宾格都可以
Kate is as good a student as him (he is) She does better than me (I do)
在口语中，如果人称代词孤立地用于不带谓语的句中作主语，习惯上用宾格；如果用主格，后面就要带上谓语
--Who has a knife? --Me.(I have.)
表示国家的名词可以用she和her加以代替
China has stood up like a giant . She is a victor
排序
”我“排在后面
She and I went shopping just This big house belongs to you and me
物主代词
概述：物主代词是表示所有关系的代词
用法
形容词性物主代词
作定语
Our task is to study hard Everyone must do his work well
名词性物主代词
作主语
Our teaching building is here,and theirs is over there
作表语
She didn't know that the present was hers
作宾语
Let's clean their room first and then ours
与 of 连用--构成双重所有格
He is a friend of ours
Is this old lady a neighbor of yours?
常见短语
all one's life——终生 change one's mind——改变想法 do one's best——尽力 do one's homework——做作业 lose one's life——丧生 make up one's mind——下决心 on one's way to——在某人去...的路上 take one's time——不急，慢慢来 to one's surprise——使某人惊奇的是... with one's help——在某人的帮助下
指示代词
概述：指示代词是专门用来指出或标示人或物的代词
单数——this that 复数——these those
用法
作主语
That's a good idea
作宾语
We should always keep this in mind (keep sth in mind 记住...）
作表语
What I want is that
作定语
Because of these reasons,we've decided to cancel the trip
较近距离的人或物用——this these;较远距离的人或物用——that those
This is my pen and that is yours These are sheep.Those are goats
在打电话时，常用this替代自己，that替代对方
Hello! This is Jim.Is that John speaking? Who is that speaking?
指上文的事情——this或that;指下文的事情——this
My bike broke dwon.This/That is why I was late This is my idea.We should start out at once
前面出现过的抽象名词或不可数名词——that;前面出现过的复数名词——those
The weather in Beijing is much colder than that in Shanghai in winter
The flowers on the left are much beautiful than those on the right
不定代词
概述：不定代词是不知明代替任何特定的名词或形容词的代词
分类
肯定不定代词
both/all/many/much/one/other/each/another/a few/a little/either/some(someone,somebody,something)/any(anyone,anybody,anything)/every(everyone,everybody,everything)
否定不定代词
no/neither/none/nobody/nothing
主要用法
作主语
In our free time,some of us like reading,others like playing chess
作宾语
Do you have anything else to say for yourself?
作表语
That's all what I want to tell you
作定语
There is a little water in this glass
some any (一些）
some
肯定句
Some of the eggs are broken
疑问句（表示某种建议或请求，希望得到肯定的回答）
--Can you lend me some money? --OK.How much do you need?
作主语
Some went there by bus,others went there by bike
作宾语
The little boy asked for sweets ,so I gave some to him
作定语
There are some big parks in the city
any
否定句
She never had any luck
There is not any food in the fridge
(否定）疑问句
Haven't you any housework to do?
肯定句
”无论“
Come any day you like
"任何”
Any child can answer this question
作主语
Any of us hasn't seen the man
作宾语
Did you give her any?
作定语
Dose she take any medicine?
many much (许多）
many
修饰或代替可数名词复数
作定语
Did you buy many books for the kids?
I didn't meet many people who could sing English songs well
作主语
Many think taht Charlie will come back soon
Many of the students have seen the movie
作宾语
He has some ,but not many
much
修饰或代替不可数名词
作定语
Do you take much interest in shopping ?
作主语
Much of the time has been wasted
作宾语
She hasn't taught us much
few a few little a little(一些 一点 几乎没有）
few（几乎没有） a few（几个 一些）
修饰可数名词
作定语
She has a few good friends in the city
My father is a man of few words
作主语
A few of them kown about UFO
Few of us have ever been to Tibet（西藏）
作宾语
I have very few left
little(没有多少） a little(一些 一点）
修饰不可数名词
作定语
He can speak a little /little English
作主语
There is little to be done
作宾语
I know little about it
--How much salad do you want ?--Just a little please
both either neither(两个.....）
both(两个都...）
作主语（谓动用复数）
Both are middle school students
Both of them like skating
I have two chairs, Both are made of bamboo
作宾语
Why not buy both ?
作定语
Both suggestions sound good
作同位语
They both agreed to help me
Both soldiers were injured
either(两个中的任何一个都...）
作主语（谓动用单数）
Either of the dogs is lovely
Either of the two answers is correct
作宾语
You may take either of them
作定语
Bob can write with either hand
neither（两者都不...）
作主语（其本身就有否定含义，故谓动不用否定，而且要用单数）
She tries on two skirts,but neither fits her
Neither game is interesting
--Would you have coffee or coca-cola? --Neither, thank you
作定语
I agree with neither of them
Neither seat is taken
all none no
all（三者或三者以上都...）
作主语
指人时，意为“所有人，大家”，故谓动用复数
All of us are interested in sports
All laughed
指物时，意为“一切，所有”，故谓动用单数
All is not gold that glitters
作宾语
It is hard to please all(众口难调）
作表语
That's all for today(今天就到这儿吧）
作定语
All roads lead to Rome
作同位语
Are they all here?
none (三个或三个以上都不....）
作主语
--Are there any new words in the text? --None
None of them know what happened
作宾语
She liked none of the stories
既可指人又可指物；既可代替可数名词又可代替不可数名词
指可数名词时——谓动可用单也可用复
None of us are perfect (none指代us中所以人的情况，故谓动用复数形式）
None of them has come back yet （none 指代them中个体的情况，故谓动用复数形式）
指不可数名词时——谓动用单
None of that money here belongs to me
no(没有）相当于 not any 或 not a
可作可数名词或不可数名词的定语构成否定句
There are no letters for you today
No news is good news
each every （每一个）
each (两个或两个以上）强调个性
作主语（谓动用单数）
Each has his merits
Each of the bedroom is big ang bright
作定语（其后接单数可数名词）
Each child has a toy or doll
There is a line of trees on each side of the road
作宾语
I'll send each of you a dictionary next week
作同位语
We each have our own ideas
every (三者或三者以上）强调共性
只作定语（修饰可数名词单数）
I go to sea my parents every weekend
Every man should obey the law
other another
other
名词（另外一个）——作主语、宾语
形容词（另外的、其他的）——作定语
Did you meet any other students?
She has no other friend but me
the other
名词（两个中的另一个）
Thomas bought two coats.One is brown and the other is blue
The first one is big and then I'll show you the other
形容词（另一个)——修饰单数可数名词
Look! My parents live in the other room
形容词（另外的)——修饰复数可数名词
Do you know where are the other girls?
others
用于泛指, (别的人或物）
Others may laugh at you ,but don't give up
the others
用于特指，（其余的人或物）
I have marked 20 exam papers , pass all the others to me
another (另一个、又一个）
I have many dresses . Why not try on another
Have another cup of juice , please
one
可以代替前面已经出现的可数名词，既可以指人又可以指物，表示“一个”，也可以泛指“一种人、任何人”
作主语
This thin book is easy , but that thick one is rather difficult
作宾语
--Do you need my pen? --No,thanks , I have got one myself
作表语
Your question is a more difficult one
ones——代替前面出现的可数名词复数，
I perfer red roses to yellow ones
There are ten old tables in our resteruant . I want to buy six new ones
each other one another
each other (两者之间的“互相”）
The couple will love each other
one another (三者之间的“互相”）
We should learn from one another
复合不定代词
some(someone somebody something)
肯定句
John,someone/somebody/ is looking at you over there (约翰，那边有人在看你呢）
There is something wrong with my mobile phone
疑问句（希望得到肯定回答的请求或建议）
why not ask someone/somebody for help?
Would you like something to drink?
any(anyone anybody anything)
否定句
Sorry,I don't know anybody here
疑问句
Is there anything I can do for you?
肯定句(无论谁或什么、任何人或物）
Anybody can do such things
every(everyone everybody everything)
Everybody has some weak spot
Money isn't everything (金钱不是万能的）
no(no one nobody nothing)
No one believes what he said
Nothing can change my mind
反身代词
概述：反身代词又叫自身代词，或用来表示强调，或表示某个动作又反过来作用于施动者本身，有人称和数的变化
用法
作同位语
主语后
They themselves worked out the problem
宾语后
You can ask the teacher himself
作宾语
动词的
There are three people in the family besides myself
介词的
You must take good care of yourself
Have I forgot anything today ? She said to herself
You'd better not leave him by himself
作表语
He doesn't seem himself today
Look at the bady in the picture . That's myself
常见短语
by oneself 独自地，孤独地 among themselves 互相，在他们之间 between oneselves 私下讲 enjoy oneself 玩得高兴，过得愉快 dress oneself 给自己穿衣服 for oneself 为自己 hurt oneself 伤到某人自己 help oneself to ... 请随便吃.... teach oneself 自学 say to oneself 自言自语 leave one by oneself 把某人留下
疑问代词
概述：疑问代词表示对某人或某物的疑问，一般用在特殊疑问句的句首
who whom whose what which
用法
who
作主语
Who knows the answer?
作表语
Who is that man?
whom
作宾语
Whom are you speaking to?
With whom did you go to the park yesterday?
whose
作定语
Whose kite is more beautiful ,Mary's or Kate's?
作表语
Whose are these dictionaries?
what
作主语
What happened last night?
作宾语
What are you looking for?
作定语
What grade are you in?
作表语
What is your brother?
which
作主语
Which of the bikes is yours ?
Which of the stories do you prefer?
作定语
Which way leads to the museum?
与动词不定式连用
作宾语
I can't decide which sweater to buy
作表语
The question is what to do now
作主语
关系代词
概述：关系代词是一种引述前面已经提到过的名词或代词的一种词
who whom whose which that
用法用来引导定语从句
指人
who
作主语
Did you see the person who stole it?
作宾语
The person who you just talked to is Mr.Li.
whom
作宾语
This is the man whom I met in Australia last month
whose
作定语
The building whose windows face to the south is our school
指物
which
作主语
My mother works in a school which has over five thousand students
作宾语
The car which my uncle bought last month is very fast
可与that互换
既指人又指物
that
作主语
Who is the man that is reading the book over there?
My necklace is not the only thing that is missing
作宾语
She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday
This is the present that he gave me for my birthday
相互代词
概述：相互代词是表示相互关系的代词
each other 和 one another（没有太大区别）
用法
作宾语
The students often help each other / one another
Do you often write to each other / one another?(你们经常相互通信吗？）
作状语
They smiled to each other / one another and said good-bye
作定语
所有格形式
We should point out each other's / one another's shortcomings
They know each other's / one another's hobbies
We often borrow each other / one another's books
代词it的用法
概述:代词it可以用来指代上文中的某个词语或句子，这可以使语言简洁，避免重复
it
用法
代替上文中提到的特定事物，可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词
Your father has bought you a new computer.Do you like it?
He offered us a piece of information.It's very important
当说话人对所涉及到的人的身份、姓名不清楚或看不出来、听不出来时，常用it来代替和当时某一事件、某动作有关的那个人
There was a knock at the door .'Who is it?' mother came to the door and asked
--Who is the child in the picture ? --It's me . Can't you see?
it代替不等式
作形式主语
It's very interesting to swim in the river
作形式宾语
He found it easy to learn English well
代替天气、时间、距离
--What's the weather like today? --It's fine
It's time to go to bed
How far is it from here to the station