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Social Science
Section1: Revolutionary Origins,1763-74——Native And European Societies in North、The seven years’ war/French and Indian war and its aftermath
编辑于2023-01-19 12:38:58 广东- USAP
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Social Science
Section1: Revolutionary Origins, 1763-74
Native And European Societies in North America
Native American Society before European Colonization
Clan(家族)->tribe(部落)->village(村庄) ->chiefdom(首领)->confederacy(联盟)
Conflicts between groups occurred for many reasons
1、territory
2、hunting
3、agricultural practices
4、differing customs
The European brought diseases and smallpox to the New World
Native population were devastated by these diseases
90% of Native American died in 100 years
A catastrophic loss of human life that had long-reaching effects on Native Society
The Algonquian People
Included Powhatan tribe and the Pequot and the Narragansetts.
Occupied the area settled by Pilgrims
Along the Atlantic Coast (St. Lawrence River and the Great Lake)
Cultivating corns, beans, and squash (known as the Three Sisters)
Opposed the British and frequently has conflict
King Philip’s War (1675-1676) is a conflict between the native and the British in the early times when the English settled in America
The Iroquois Confederacy
Called Five Nations by Europeans
Combined by Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca
1722, Iroquoian-speaking Tuscarora people joined the confederacy, called the Six Nations
The Iroquois is in the middle of the European colonists and they often play a role on the European colonists
Live in the Great Lakes region of Upstate New York and Canada
The landscape allowed the Iroquois to observe European intentions and interaction with other Native groups
The Iroquois control a position straddling French, English and Dutch colonial land claims. Its control the waterway and the interconnected rivers which allowed the Europeans to compete with each other
For both Europeans and Native Americans, imperialism forged new sites of conflict and collaboration based on exchanges of technology, culture, foodways, political structures, and more
British and French Colonization of North America
Great Britain colonies in North America hugged the eastern seaboard from Maine to Georgia.
New France claimed an expanse of territory from Newfoundland , across the Great Lakes to the Ohio River Valley, followed the Mississippi river south and stretched as far west as the Rocky Mountains
In 1756, at the start of the Seven Years’ War
The British population is up to 2 million while the French is only 65000 people.
The French is Catholics while the British are overwhelmingly Protestant
Colonial relationships with Native Populations
Many native Americans welcome the arrival of the Europeans
They often have the opportunity to trade with each other
The Europeans trade their woven cloth, metal kettles , iron axes, fishhooks, and guns to the Native American while they trade glass beads and copper ornaments for religious ceremonies
The Europeans force the Native American to hunt more animals for them or they will take military action
Soon the relationship between the Europeans an the Native Americans diminished
French-Native Relations
In New France, national glory, profit, and a religious mission to convert “the savages” shaped French motivations in the New World
The French colonists trade with the Native Americans and intermarriages are relatively common, additionally, the Roman Catholic Church convert Native peoples to Christianity
Father Paul Le Jeune, a Jesuit priest who spent seventeen years in New France who was the initial author and the editor of The Jesuit Relations(1632-1673)
Le Jeune admire the Natives’ physical strength, intelligence, contentment, and diplomacy but also criticize them as arrogant, proud, vindictive, and lack in compassion.
Provide a sense why the French believed Native conversion was necessary
English-Native relations
The English were interested in displacing the local Native population and settling on their land
The English trade with the Native American but intermarriages and long term missionaries were rare
Colonial obtained land by purchase, often in treaties forced upon the Indians after military defeats
Colonial made attempt to prevent English settlers from seizing Native land. However, these attempt are rarely enforced and often forced deep resentment between the English and Native American since they put the natives out of their own land
British colonial identity
In the 1700s, English citizen composed less than two-thirds of the colonial population ,excluding the Native Americans
German and Scots-Irish immigrants composed the remainder of the white population
While nearly 1/5 of the people is black slaves from African descendent
As colonial settlements matured and stabilized, that diverse white population experienced a process of Anglicization
Wearing clothes constructed of imported cloth and drinking tea were two important parts of British colonial identity
An irony of the American Revolution is that this sheared sense of British identity, rather than American distinctiveness, would unite them in revolutionary struggle
The seven years’ war/French and Indian war and its aftermath
Two power struggles shaped events in North America in the decades before the American Revolution: the Seven Years’ War and Pontiac’s war
The English and the French had a story of animosity prior to clashes in the New World.
The first three Anglo-French wars were outgrowths of European disputes.
The seven years’ war stemmed from territorial issues in North America
There are many places and resources were being used by the out comers such as the fish and the farming land
In the 1750s, decades of tensions between the British and French boiled over into open hostilities
The second power struggles simultaneously occurred between Native. American groups as the Iroquois and various Algonquian-speaking peoples contended for domination n a quickly changing region
Growing tensions: the Albany congress, June 19-July 11,1754
Time: June 19 to July 11, 1754
Attending people: representatives sent by the legislatures of Sven of the thirteen British colonies met in Albany, New York (Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland )
Main topic: relations with the French and Native American tribes and discuss a plan to defend the attack from the French Canada
Different step
The gathering in 1754 would serve as model for the Stamp Act in 1765 and the first continental congress in 1774
Secondly, the delegates discuss Benjamin Franklin’s Albany plan (establishing a temporary government to control the colonies territory )
Each colonial assembly would send two to seven delegates to a grand council presided over by a president
War begins : the battle of Jumonville Glen
In 1753, Virginia governor Robert Dinwiddie, an investor in the Ohio Company, sent George Washington, then a twenty-one-year-old major in the colonial militia in order to defend the French withdrawal form the frontier forts.
The French refused politely and years later Washington returned with a group of men
On May 27, 1754 these the George Washington’s army attacked the French scouting party which named this battle the Jumonville Glen
Then the French rebounded, the Washington’s army loses and is disarmed
The battle of Jumonville is considered the formal beginning of the Seven Years’ War
The British strategy in North America
The Seven Years’ War is a global conflict between the Europeans and the Americans
Europeans colonies throughout the Caribbean, South America, the Indian subcontinent, and the Pacific Ocean
The concentration of the German state on the English goal allows Great Britain to focus on North America
The first four years the British are not doing well, they suffered decisive defeats at Forts Oswego and William Henry
The French and the Native allies, primarily members of the Algonquian group and they terrify the British by burning and pillaging settlements
This defat , coupled with a French attack made within sixty miles of Philadelphia which distroy the land of the Europeans.
Many doubted the British’s commitment to protecting its North American colonies
The turning point when the British Prime Minister William Pitt increase the army force in North America
In 1758, the British troops took the key French stronghold of Louisbourg, French Canada, a strategic port protecting the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River.
The French loses their colonists in North America and the English take control of all the land of America
The aftermath of the seven years’ war
The treaty of Paris(巴黎和约)
The victors (Britain and Spanish ) decided the French colonists in the treaty of Paris which means that France will not have any authority to declare or claim something on this land. This treaty brings an end to the Seven Years’ War
Despite the victory on the New land, the high cost of the war bring the British government nearly to bankruptcy. Moreover, the British now faced the challenge of pacifying the French supporters
Pontiac’s war
The Treaty of Paris ignored the European powers’ Native American allies
In response to these changes, an Ottawa chief near Fort Detroit encouraged Ohio Country tribes to unite against the British.(Shawnee, Wyandot, Seneca, Cayuga, and Delaware )
The Ottawas’ May 1763 attack on Fort Detroit is considered the start of Pontiac’s War, also known as Pontiac’s Rebellion
By the fall of 1763, the Native American captured and killed 600 people.
In 1764, most of the Pontiac’s allies surrendered to the British due to the lack of supplies
The Pontiac and other allies forced the British to reconsider Native concerns and land claims in the newly acquired region
The Royal Proclamation of 1763
The Royal Proclamation of 1763 forbade settlement of the area west of the Appalachian Mountains, reserving that area for Native Americans. The proclamation claim that all private purchases of Native American lands is illegal
Instead, all future land purchases would be conducted by royal officials
Many colonists do not obey this law and may sometimes have conflict between the native and the colonists
The effort to create a frontier policy to protect the interests of colonists and Native American proved ineffective and often counterproductive
But this proclamation will bring conflict between the British crown and its colonists in America
Take Massachusetts as an example, provides a sense of the major controversies that led to the American Revolution
Massachusetts And the origins of the revolution
Massachusetts
Several unique attributes placed the Massachusetts colony at the vanguard of the American Revolution
The colony’s political organization with democratic tone meetings inspired citizens’ involvement in the official running of local government
Puritans resistance from the earliest settlers made many in Massachusetts more tolerant and disobeying the British laws
The lack of farming land increased the number of impoverished inhabitants moving into cities, particularly large cities such as Boston
The significant presence of the British soldiers exacerbated the strain
In 1768, more than 1/4 of the Boston populations is the British soldiers
The competitions of half-time job (moonlighting) made the conflict more bigger
Massachusetts are also the home of a group of people ranging from different careers called the patriot.
James Otis is a lawyer and member of the Massachusetts provincial l assembly and become one of the earliest supporters of the Patriot cause and abused the tyranny of the British government
John Adams who is a elite leader served in the Continental Congress, became an opposer of the European powers during the Revolutionary War and later served as Vice President and soon became the second president of USA
Samuel Adams was clever as a political organizer during the events that led to the American Revolution.
Paul Revere is a silversmith who is a skilled illustrator created iconic images in order to support the American Revolution
The Stamp Act Controversy, 1765-66
The Stamp Act of 1765 imposed a direct tax on the British colonists, requiring that many printed materials be produced on stamped paper made in London.
Taxing materials include legal documents, magazines, plying cards, and newspapers
Further, the tax was to be paid in British currency rather than colonial paper money
The act was not really obeyed in the colonists but in English domestic area
The Stamp Act followed the Sugar Act and Currency Act, passed by Parliament in 1764
The legislations was extremely unpopular among the colonists
The Stamp Act Congress of 1765
In October of 1765, representatives from Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and South Carolina gathered in New York
The topic: argued that the Stamp Act was unlawful since the British Parliament did not include colonial representatives
Sometimes referred to as Continental Congress of 1765, the Stamp Act Congress of 1765 was the first gathering people from different places subjected to the Stamp Act of the Great Britain
They dispute Parliament’s right to tax the colonies. They claimed that under long-established English law, citizens could only be taxed by their elected representatives and the colonial legislature can only lawfully tax them
Emerged a political slogan “no taxation without representation ”
Virtual representation
In February 1766, Parliament voted to repeal the Stamp Act
William Pitt, a Whig Member of Parliament and Grenville’s brother-in-law, describe dit as “the most contemptible idea that ever entered the head of a man”
Immediately following the repeal of the Stamp Act, Parliament swiftly passed the Declaratory Act asserting Parliament’s power “to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever”
The Townshend Acts
A series of acts passed by Parliament in 1767 and 1768 called the Townshend Acts further fueled American dissent
The acts included a tax on imported items like glass, paper, paint, oil, lead, and tea
There is a conflict between the colonist and the English government
Colonial reactions to the Townshend Acts
On August 1,1768, for example, Boston-based merchants and traders pledged not to import or export British trade goods. Known as the Boston Non-Importation Agreement
Women played a significant role in the non importation agreements and creates the Daughter of liberty.
Boston-based Patriot leader Samuel Adams noted that residents of coastal towns were better informed of current events than those residing in the interior.
These committees played a crucial role in opposition to British actions by uniting and coordinating the colonial response
The Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre, termed the “Bloody Massacre” by patriot , provides the foremost example of the “politics of the street” in the events leading to the American Revolution.
On March 5, 1770, the citizens throw snowballs towards the English soldiers and the soldiers respected them with the gun on March 12
Five American died which are the first casualty during the American Revolution
The Massachusetts governor whose name was Thomas Hutchinson called for an investigation of the events on March 5th and British Captain Thomas Preston and a group of soldiers are arrested for their murder
Patriot leaders such as John Adams feared the anger and violence of the Boston crowd, other seized the opportunity represented in the events on March 5th
News of the Boston Massacre spread quickly through the colonies and artists painted the events realistically ->引起公愤
Against the British government
The Tea Act and the Boston Tea Party
Shortly after the Boston Massacre, in April 1770, the American colonists learned of the partial repeal to the Townshend Acts
The taxation on tea but the American remained to drink tea and imported large quantities while paying the required duty.
North granted the British East India Company a monopoly on the colonial market
The Tea Act of 1773 allowed the British East India Company to severely undercut its competition while still charging the 3 pence tax on tea
On December 16,1773, a group of thirty to one hundred men disguised as Native Americana boarded three British East India Company ships and threw 342 chests of the tea into the harbor
The British are angered and the leaders of community meetings were worried about the British responding
The Intolerable Acts and the First Continental Congress
The Parliament fired back with the Coercive Acts because of the destruction beside the Boston Harbor
The Port Act colored the Boston Harbor until the colonists compensated the British East India Company for tea
The Massachusetts Government Act limited the meetings to once a year and increasing the power of the total governor.
The Administration of Justice Act allowed the British colonists to moved the army anywhere without an order
The Quartering Act applied to all the colonies which allowed the governor to house soldiers in suitable, unoccupied buildings
Patriot referred to these acts as the Intolerable Acts and included the Quebec Act among their number.
Patriots feared of the punishment from the Parliament
On September 5,1774, delegates from all colonies except Georgia gathered in Philadelphia’s Carpenter’s Hall.
The main topic: debate revolved around defining the colonies’ relationship with Great Britain.
The delegates agreed to continue nonimportation unless Parliament rescinded the Intolerable Acts and they promise the nonimportation.
Finally, and most significantly, the delegates agreed to reconvene in May 1775 if their grievances were not addressed
The French land claims outweighs the English significantly