英美文学（上）

the modern English novel,which contrary to the traditional rommance of aristocrats ,gives a realistic presentation of life of the common people.

英国文学

• The old and medieval Period
  • Beowulf(贝奥武夫): the first great Englishliterary work
  • Geoffrey Chaucer 1343-1400(乔叟)
    • • Canterybury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》
    • • Heroic Couplet（英雄双韵体）
• The Renaissance Period
  • 定义：During 14 th-17 th century,the renaissance means rebirth or revival ,is actually a movement stimulated by a series of histerical events.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance,emphasizing the dignity of human being and the importance of the present life.
    • Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞）
      • The Faerie Queene 《仙后》Allegory 寓言体 /诗人中的诗人/ Spenserian 斯宾塞诗体
    • Christopher Marlowe（克里斯托弗* 马洛）
      • university wits 大学才子
      • Tamburlaine 《铁木耳大帝》The tragical history of Doctor Faustus《浮士德医生》 The jew of Malta《马耳他岛的犹太人》
      • blank verse 无韵体：A line of poetry or prose in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
    • WilliamShakespeare(威廉 莎士比亚）【1564—1616 April 23】
      • Four comedies ,<As You Like It > 皆大欢喜，<Twelfth Nights >第十二夜，<A Midsummer Night's Dream>仲夏夜之梦，<Merchant of Venice>威尼斯商人
      • Four tragedies : <Hamlet >哈姆雷特 ，<Othello>奥赛罗 <King Lear >李尔王，<Macbeth>麦克白
      • Sonnets: three quatrain and one couplet [ababcdcdefefgg]
      • 154 sonnets and 38 plays
    • Francis Bacon (弗兰西斯 培根）｛1561-1626｝
      • He is the first English essayist.
      • works: The Advancement of Learning 《学术的进展》1605
    • John Donne 约翰邓恩（metaphysicalschool 玄学派）
      • 1601-1617 love lyrics,1617--- sermons and religious poems
      • A valediction :Forbidding Mourning 《别离慈，莫悲伤》 theme : a spiritual love
    • Ben Jonson 本*琼森 1572-1637poet laureate 桂冠诗人
      • Plays：< Every man in His human ><Volphone>< the Fox>
      • Major contributions: adapt poetic form
    • Robert Herrick 罗伯特 赫里克（The cavaliers 骑士派）
      • To TheVirgins ,to Make Much of Time 至少女，请珍惜时光 theme:Carpe diem 及时行乐
    • John Milton 约翰 弥尔顿 epic poet
      • Paradise Lost<《失乐园》，Paradise Regained 《复乐园》，Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》
• The Neoclassical Period
  • The time from 1660 to 1798,Two events: In 1660 ,The Restoration of King Charles 2 . In 1688,The glorious revolution .The age of Enlightment was a European intellectual and philosophical movement of the 18th century that emphasized the use of reason and scientific method .(realistic novels)
    • poetry should be lyrical ,epical didactic ,satiric or dramatic.
      • John Dryden 约翰 德莱顿（1631-1700）poet laureate
        • He named the "heroic couplets".
      • Alexander Pope 亚历山大 蒲柏（1688-1744）
        • 他完善了英雄双韵体/he is the one of the greatest poets of English language.
        • works: <An Eassy on Criticism >批评论 ——Didactic poem教诲诗 <The Rope of the Lock>夺发记 <An Eassy on Man> 人论
        • example: Ode on Solitude 独居颂 theme：longing for carefree country life.
      • Samuel Johnson 塞缪尔 约翰逊
        • In 1755,his dictionary is the firstly comprehensive English dictionary.
        • Daniel Defoe, Samuel Johnson, Henry Fielding are the father of English novel.
    • the modern English novel,which contrary to the traditional rommance of aristocrats ,gives a realistic presentation of life of the common people.
      • John Bunyan 约翰 班扬（1628-1688）
        • <The pilgrim's Progress>天路历程 published in1678.
        • He had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly believed in salvation(救赎） through spiritual struggle.
        • his style：religious allegory
      • Daniel Defoe 笛福（1660-1731）
        • underground : As a son from a dissenter 's family.Defoe developed a life-long taste for travel. His quick mind abundant energy and never -falling enthusiasm always brought him back on his feet after a fall.
        • early : pamphlets on political issues /late: writing novels late in life.
        • <Robinson Crusoe>鲁冰逊漂流记 In 1719
      • Henry Fielding 亨利 菲尔丁（1707-1754）
        • About the author :h He is a playwright dramatist editorof a paper called The Champion a comic epic poem in prose 散文滑稽诗
        • Works : <The History of Jonathan Wild the Great> 大伟人江奈生魏尔德传<The History of Tom Jones>汤姆 琼斯（this work established his reputation as a founder of the English novel.Theme :Nature herself . It is the exact observation and study of the real life. Its contrast between Tom Jones'good nature and Blifil's hypocrisy 伪善）
    • An apparent shift from the classice literary tradition to originalty and imagination,from society to individual,and from the didactic to the confessional（忏悔）,inspirational and prophetic(预言）.
      • Romantic poems
        • Robert Burns 罗伯特彭斯（1759-1796）
          • About the author :Pre-romanticism (Thomas Gray, Robert Burns , William Blake ) farm laborer Heaven -Taught Plowman 上帝把手之人 / Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect 《苏格兰方言集》The Scots Musical Museum 《苏格兰音乐博物馆》
          • A Red ，Red Rose 一朵红红的玫瑰/ 我的爱人 theme：love and responsibility
        • William Blake 威廉 布莱克 （1757-1827）
          • In 1789 <Songs of Innocence >天真之歌， in 1794 <Songs of Experience>经验之歌
      • Sentimentalists
        • Thomas Gray 托马斯格雷（the founder of Graveyard school 墓园派奠基人）
          • <Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard> 墓园挽歌
      • Satiric prose
        • Jonathan Swift 乔纳森 斯威夫特
          • Heis a master satirist
          • works : < A Modest Proposal>一个温和的建议 is generally regarded as the best model of satire,not only of the period but also in the whole English literary history. <Gulliver's Travels>格列佛游记 （讽刺了选拔官员的制度和君主专制）
    • In the theatrical world, Richard Brinsley Sheridan( 谢里丹) was the leading figure among a host of playwrights.
      • The School for Scandal 《造谣学校》style : the comedy of manners 社会风俗喜剧
• The Romantic Period
  • It is generally said to have begun in 1789 with the publication of Wordsworth (华兹华斯）and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads (柯勒律治的抒情歌诗集），which was the beginning of the romantic period, and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott's death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament .Two events : French Revolution and English Industrial Revolution .
    • Poetry (should be free from all rules,the common everyday life for subjects)
      • William Wordsworth 威廉华兹华斯（1770-1850）
        • Lake poets :Wordsworth ,Coleridge and Robert Southey(罗伯特 骚塞）
        • In1798, Lyrical Ballads (Wordsworth and Coleridge together collaborated on a book of poems entitled Lyrical Ballads.) For Wordsworth, poetry is spontaneous overflow of feelings ,poetry takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquilityanjing 安静
        • The Pretude 序曲 was completed in 1805 ,which is the greatest work.
        • 1843 年，他成为了桂冠诗人。开创了自传体的新型诗。
      • Samuel Taylor Coleridgr 柯勒律治（1772-1834）
        • The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 《古舟子永》albatross 信天翁
        • Lyrical Ballads 抒情诗
      • George Gordon Byron 拜伦（1788-1824)
        • <Don Juan >is Byrons 's masterpiece ,a great comic epic of the early 19th century.Byrons heroes: rebellious arrogant and intellectual.
      • John Keats 济慈（1795-1821）
        • His poetry is distinctive for its sensual description,physical concreteness,colorful imagery,and closely-knit construction.The beauty is truth,the truth is beauty.(To Autumn秋颂）（Endymion 恩底弥翁 A long narrative poem）
    • Novel(realistic novel , historical novels and gothic novels)
      • Jane Austen 简 奥斯汀（1775-1817）
        • About the author : <Sense and Sensibility>(1811) <Pride and Prejudice>(1813) As a novelist, Austen focused on middle-class provincial life乡土生活，In writing style,Jane Austen is an advocator of neoclassicism.
      • ）Walter Scott 沃尔特 司各特（1771-1832）
        • <Rob Roy> 罗布罗伊 <Ivanhoe>艾凡赫，He is the first major historical novelist.
      • Gothic novels :<The Mysteries of Udolpho >尤尓多弗之谜 by Ann Radcliffe and <Frankenstein>弗兰肯斯坦/科学怪人(1818) by Mary Shelly
    • Drama( in the romantic period is less successful.)
      • Shelley雪莱（1792-1822），he was known for his radical views on politics and religion.<Prometheus Unbound>解放了的普罗米修斯 / Ode to the West Wind 西风颂（If winter comes,can Spring be far behind?）