导图社区 美国文学
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美国文学
美国文学的思维导图，了解： The Literature of Colonial America 殖民地时期的美国文学 The Literature of Reason and Revolution 理性与革命的文学 The Literature of Romanticism 浪漫主义文学
编辑于2023-04-26 16:24:51- 相似推荐
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美国文学史 History and American Literature
The Literature of Colonial America 殖民地时期的美国文学
During his life Cotton Mather wrote more than 450 works, an impressive output of religious writings that demonstrate that he was an example, as well as an advocate, of the Puritan ideal of hard work. 科顿·马瑟毕生创作了450多部书，作品充分体现了他是努力工作这一宗教理念的典范和倡导者。
Over the years the Puritans built a way of life that was in harmony with their somber religion, one that stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety. 通过多年的努力，他们养成了一种与他们忧郁的宗教相适应的生活方式，即勤劳、节俭、虔诚和节制。
Early New England Literature（早期新英格兰文学）
(4) John Winthrop was the first governor in Boston, and his notable work is The History of New England. (5) Winthrop’s work is notable for its candid, simplicity and honesty. （4）温斯罗普是波士顿的第一位统治者，代表作是《新英格兰史》。 （5）温斯罗普的作品坦率、质朴、真实。
The Literature of Reason and Revolution 理性与革命的文学
I. Historical Introduction（背景介绍） (1) As we have seen, theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing. Politics was the next great subject to command the attention of the best minds. (2) By the mid-eighteenth century colonial America was no longer a group of scattered, struggling settlements. It was a series of neighboring, flourishing colonies with rapidly expanding, mixed populations. The word “state”, which suggests an independent government, was beginning to replace “colony” in the people’s thinking. (3) Native industries were sprouting everywhere. (4) Literary activities were growing at the same time. (5) The British government hampered colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country. (6) Politically, the British government forced dependence by ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament. (7) In the seventies of the 18th century the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their mother country. The War for Independence lasted for eight years (1776-1783) and ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic--the United States of America. (8) The spiritual life in the colonies during that period was to a great degree moulded by the bourgeois Enlightenment. （1）正如我们所看到的，神学统治了清教徒时期的美国写作。而后，政治成为作家们的主要题材。 （2）18世纪中期，殖民时代的美国不再是散乱的、相互竞争的定居点，而是人口迅速增长、不断融合的相互毗邻、繁荣的殖民地。一个象征独立政府的词语“国家”，开始在人们的思想中取代“殖民地”。 （3）民族工业正在遍地开花。 （4）同时，文学活动日益活跃。 （5）英国政府阻碍殖民地经济发展，要求美国将原料输往英国，而用高于本国生产成本的价钱购买英国产品。 （6）在政治上，英国政府迫使殖民地依赖于其统治，向殖民地征税却不给其议会代表席位。 （7）18世纪70年代，殖民地举兵反抗他们的祖国。独立战争持续了八年（1776-1783），最终建立了联合的资产阶级共和国——美利坚合众国。 （8）这一时期殖民地的精神生活很大程度上受到资产阶级启蒙思想的影响。
II. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) （本杰明·富兰克林）．Life（生平） Born in Boston in 1706, Benjamin Franklin went to Philadelphia as a young man and began his career as a printer. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a preeminent scientist of his day. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the makers of the new nation. When Franklin died in 1790, at the age of eighty-four, he was an honored figure, mourned by many nations. 1706年，富兰克林出生在波士顿，青年时代前往费城成为一名出版商。他帮助建立了宾夕法尼亚大学的前身——宾夕法尼亚医学院和北美哲学学会。他也是当时著名的科学家。他签署过《独立宣言》。他是美国的缔造者之一。1790年去世时，享年84岁，作为一位备受崇敬的人物，被多国人民哀悼。
Literary Position（文学地位） Franklin is the only good American author before the Revolutionary War, and he was the only one writer in the colonial period, whose works are read today. 富兰克林是美国独立战争前唯一一位优秀的美国作家，殖民时期的作家中，只有他自己的作品至今仍为世人所拜读。
◆The Autobiography 《自传》
(2) The Autobiography is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was a spokesman for the new order of eighteenth-century enlightenment. It is also a Puritan document. It is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The book is also a convincing illustration of the Puritan ethic that, in order to get on in the world, one has to be industrial, frugal and prudent. (3) The style of The Autobiography reveals that it is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness and concision.
（2）《自传》充分说明了富兰克林是18世纪美国启蒙运动的代言人。这也是一本清教文献。它记录了清教徒的自我反省和自我完善。它也是清教徒道德原则的最好说明，即为了取得成功，人必须勤劳、简朴、谨慎。 （3）《自传》的文体体现出清教徒朴素、直率、简洁的风格。
The Literature of Romanticism 浪漫主义文学
The word “Transcendental” was not native to America; it was a Kantian term denoting, as Emerson put it, “Whatever belongs to the class of intuitive thought.”“超验主义”一词并非美国本土词汇，它是个康德哲学词汇。它如爱默生所说，表示“任何属于直觉意识范畴的思想”。
1830到1860年，爱默生，梭罗，霍桑，惠特曼 浪漫主义文学代表者
Romantic writers placed increasing value on the free expression of emotion and displayed increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters.浪漫主义作家越来越重视情感的自由表达，越来越关注人物的精神状态
To Helen 致海伦（爱伦坡）
Poe made use of simileto compare Helen's beauty to the Nicean barks . 爱伦坡使用明喻比较了海伦的美和帆船。 唤起了古典神话之间的联系。
One of the first detective stories "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" 侦探小说的先驱者
"The Fall of the House of Usher" 厄舍府的倒塌
II. The First American Writer（第一位美国作家） (1) Captain John Smith became the first American writer. His first work is A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony, a letter to the Virginia Company in London, defending the handling of the settlement and proclaiming the merits of the new land. (2) His next book was A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country (1612). Like many similar accounts of the period, the book was a guide to the country and an invitation to the bold spirits needed to enlarge and strengthen the English plantations in the new land. (3) Smith published eight in all. He may not have been a modest man, but it is clear that he contributed more to the survival of the Jamestown colony than did anyone else. （1）约翰·史密斯成为第一位美国作家。他的第一个作品是寄给在伦敦的弗吉尼亚公司的一封信，回应了关于开辟殖民地的意见，赞扬了新大陆的优越之处。 （2）他随后又写了《弗吉尼亚地图：一个乡村的描述》。像当时一些报告文学一样，这是一本去美国的指南，也是一封请柬，召唤着那些需要在新大陆拓展、强大英国种植园的勇敢的灵魂的到来。 （3）史密斯共出版了8部作品。或许他不是一个谦虚的人，但是显然，他对詹姆斯殖民地的贡献是无人能及的。
(2) The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith, an English soldier of fortune. His reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.（2）1617年，英国殖民者在弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿建立了第一个在北美的永久性殖民地。英国雇佣兵约翰·史密斯上尉就是这批殖民者中的一员。17世纪初，他发表的关于探寻新大陆的报告被认为是第一部用英语写作的美国文学作品。
I. Historical Introduction（历史背景） (1) At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the vast continental area that was to become the United States had been probed only slightly by English and European explorers. At last early in the seventeenth century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.（1）直到17世纪初，美国所在的广袤大陆才被英国及少数几个欧洲国家的探险家涉足。17世纪晚期，定居在弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞州的英国殖民者开始了被我们看作是美国民族史的主流生活。
美国文学史 History and American Literature
The Literature of Colonial America 殖民地时期的美国文学
During his life Cotton Mather wrote more than 450 works, an impressive output of religious writings that demonstrate that he was an example, as well as an advocate, of the Puritan ideal of hard work. 科顿·马瑟毕生创作了450多部书，作品充分体现了他是努力工作这一宗教理念的典范和倡导者。
Over the years the Puritans built a way of life that was in harmony with their somber religion, one that stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety. 通过多年的努力，他们养成了一种与他们忧郁的宗教相适应的生活方式，即勤劳、节俭、虔诚和节制。
Early New England Literature（早期新英格兰文学）
(4) John Winthrop was the first governor in Boston, and his notable work is The History of New England. (5) Winthrop’s work is notable for its candid, simplicity and honesty. （4）温斯罗普是波士顿的第一位统治者，代表作是《新英格兰史》。 （5）温斯罗普的作品坦率、质朴、真实。
The Literature of Reason and Revolution 理性与革命的文学
I. Historical Introduction（背景介绍） (1) As we have seen, theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing. Politics was the next great subject to command the attention of the best minds. (2) By the mid-eighteenth century colonial America was no longer a group of scattered, struggling settlements. It was a series of neighboring, flourishing colonies with rapidly expanding, mixed populations. The word “state”, which suggests an independent government, was beginning to replace “colony” in the people’s thinking. (3) Native industries were sprouting everywhere. (4) Literary activities were growing at the same time. (5) The British government hampered colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country. (6) Politically, the British government forced dependence by ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament. (7) In the seventies of the 18th century the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their mother country. The War for Independence lasted for eight years (1776-1783) and ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic--the United States of America. (8) The spiritual life in the colonies during that period was to a great degree moulded by the bourgeois Enlightenment. （1）正如我们所看到的，神学统治了清教徒时期的美国写作。而后，政治成为作家们的主要题材。 （2）18世纪中期，殖民时代的美国不再是散乱的、相互竞争的定居点，而是人口迅速增长、不断融合的相互毗邻、繁荣的殖民地。一个象征独立政府的词语“国家”，开始在人们的思想中取代“殖民地”。 （3）民族工业正在遍地开花。 （4）同时，文学活动日益活跃。 （5）英国政府阻碍殖民地经济发展，要求美国将原料输往英国，而用高于本国生产成本的价钱购买英国产品。 （6）在政治上，英国政府迫使殖民地依赖于其统治，向殖民地征税却不给其议会代表席位。 （7）18世纪70年代，殖民地举兵反抗他们的祖国。独立战争持续了八年（1776-1783），最终建立了联合的资产阶级共和国——美利坚合众国。 （8）这一时期殖民地的精神生活很大程度上受到资产阶级启蒙思想的影响。
II. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) （本杰明·富兰克林）．Life（生平） Born in Boston in 1706, Benjamin Franklin went to Philadelphia as a young man and began his career as a printer. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a preeminent scientist of his day. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the makers of the new nation. When Franklin died in 1790, at the age of eighty-four, he was an honored figure, mourned by many nations. 1706年，富兰克林出生在波士顿，青年时代前往费城成为一名出版商。他帮助建立了宾夕法尼亚大学的前身——宾夕法尼亚医学院和北美哲学学会。他也是当时著名的科学家。他签署过《独立宣言》。他是美国的缔造者之一。1790年去世时，享年84岁，作为一位备受崇敬的人物，被多国人民哀悼。
Literary Position（文学地位） Franklin is the only good American author before the Revolutionary War, and he was the only one writer in the colonial period, whose works are read today. 富兰克林是美国独立战争前唯一一位优秀的美国作家，殖民时期的作家中，只有他自己的作品至今仍为世人所拜读。
◆The Autobiography 《自传》
(2) The Autobiography is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was a spokesman for the new order of eighteenth-century enlightenment. It is also a Puritan document. It is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The book is also a convincing illustration of the Puritan ethic that, in order to get on in the world, one has to be industrial, frugal and prudent. (3) The style of The Autobiography reveals that it is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness and concision.
（2）《自传》充分说明了富兰克林是18世纪美国启蒙运动的代言人。这也是一本清教文献。它记录了清教徒的自我反省和自我完善。它也是清教徒道德原则的最好说明，即为了取得成功，人必须勤劳、简朴、谨慎。 （3）《自传》的文体体现出清教徒朴素、直率、简洁的风格。
The Literature of Romanticism 浪漫主义文学
The word “Transcendental” was not native to America; it was a Kantian term denoting, as Emerson put it, “Whatever belongs to the class of intuitive thought.”“超验主义”一词并非美国本土词汇，它是个康德哲学词汇。它如爱默生所说，表示“任何属于直觉意识范畴的思想”。
1830到1860年，爱默生，梭罗，霍桑，惠特曼 浪漫主义文学代表者
Romantic writers placed increasing value on the free expression of emotion and displayed increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters.浪漫主义作家越来越重视情感的自由表达，越来越关注人物的精神状态
To Helen 致海伦（爱伦坡）
Poe made use of simileto compare Helen's beauty to the Nicean barks . 爱伦坡使用明喻比较了海伦的美和帆船。 唤起了古典神话之间的联系。
One of the first detective stories "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" 侦探小说的先驱者
"The Fall of the House of Usher" 厄舍府的倒塌
II. The First American Writer（第一位美国作家） (1) Captain John Smith became the first American writer. His first work is A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony, a letter to the Virginia Company in London, defending the handling of the settlement and proclaiming the merits of the new land. (2) His next book was A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country (1612). Like many similar accounts of the period, the book was a guide to the country and an invitation to the bold spirits needed to enlarge and strengthen the English plantations in the new land. (3) Smith published eight in all. He may not have been a modest man, but it is clear that he contributed more to the survival of the Jamestown colony than did anyone else. （1）约翰·史密斯成为第一位美国作家。他的第一个作品是寄给在伦敦的弗吉尼亚公司的一封信，回应了关于开辟殖民地的意见，赞扬了新大陆的优越之处。 （2）他随后又写了《弗吉尼亚地图：一个乡村的描述》。像当时一些报告文学一样，这是一本去美国的指南，也是一封请柬，召唤着那些需要在新大陆拓展、强大英国种植园的勇敢的灵魂的到来。 （3）史密斯共出版了8部作品。或许他不是一个谦虚的人，但是显然，他对詹姆斯殖民地的贡献是无人能及的。
(2) The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith, an English soldier of fortune. His reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.（2）1617年，英国殖民者在弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿建立了第一个在北美的永久性殖民地。英国雇佣兵约翰·史密斯上尉就是这批殖民者中的一员。17世纪初，他发表的关于探寻新大陆的报告被认为是第一部用英语写作的美国文学作品。
I. Historical Introduction（历史背景） (1) At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the vast continental area that was to become the United States had been probed only slightly by English and European explorers. At last early in the seventeenth century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.（1）直到17世纪初，美国所在的广袤大陆才被英国及少数几个欧洲国家的探险家涉足。17世纪晚期，定居在弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞州的英国殖民者开始了被我们看作是美国民族史的主流生活。