The Middle Age

The Middle Age的思维导图，分享了History、Manor and Church、Learning and Science.

The Middle Age

• History
  • latter part of 4th, Europeans were driven into across the Danube river（多瑙河）
    • In 476, the last Roman Emperor was killed---the ancient Rome was gone( Eastern Roman Empire continued)
• Manor and Church
  • Feudalism
    • Growth
      • to protect families and homes, people seek for protectipn from larger land-owner
      • They became serfs
      • Vassals govern fiefs, promising to fight for the king.
        • Lesser vassals...
      • After 800, nobles grew more powerful than kings, having the right to collect taxes and make own laws, and raise armies
        • a system of government--a form of local and decentralized government
    • The Manor
      • was founded on th fiefs of the lords
      • straw-covered floor--stone-built fortresses(castles)
    • Knighthood and Code of Chivalry
      • Kight
        • 7, begin education
        • 14, page（见习骑士） became a squire or assistant to a knight
        • Bubbing, to prove to be a good knight
          • Chivalry: protect the weak; fight for the church; be loyal to his lord; respect women of noble birth.
        • Tournament: mock battles to train for wars
  • The Church
    • after 1054
      • the Roman Catholic Church (Official L: Latin)
        • Pope
          • College of Cardinals: 1.elected pope 2.served as advisor 3. next in power to popeS
          • Archbishops((province)
            • Bishops( diocese主教辖区）
              • Priest（parish）
          • Religious ordrs; 1.military monastic 2. lived in monasteries(abbeys) governed by abbots
      • the Eastern Orthodox Church
    • The Power and Influence of the Catholic Church
      • Classes
        • Clergy
          • carry out important government duties
        • Lords
        • Peasants
      • Savraments
        • Baptize(we were born sin)
        • Don't touch meat on Friday
        • Go to Church on Sunday
        • Communion（圣餐）
    • Church father and Early Monasticism
      • Trinity
        • Power(Father)
        • Wisdom(the Son)
        • Love(the Holy Spirit)
      • 300-500, A movement contributed to the establishment of monasteries and convents
        • St. Jerome(NT（in Hebrew)-the Vulgate(Latin)
        • Auguitine of Hippo(North Africa in the 5th)
          • The Confession
            • early life
          • The City of God
            • defended Christianity against who cliam that Rome would not have fallen to Germanic invaders if it had not accepted Christianity.
        • St. Benedict
          • founded Benedictine Rule
  • The Crusades
    • Reason
      • In 1071, Palestine fell to the Turkish Moslems
    • Time
      • went on about 200y
        • 8 chief Crusadess(1096-1291)
          • 1291, Moslems totally ruled Palesstine
    • Influence
      • Help to break down feudalism
      • lead the rise of monarchies
      • Through the contact with more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, they changed many old ideas;
      • Desire for wealth or power began to overshadow religious ideals.
      • Peasants and serfs grew discontented with their lives on a manor
      • Renew people's interest in learning and invention
        • University appeared by 13th
      • Trade increased; towns rised;
• Learning and Science
  • Charlemagne(742-814)
    • Keep order throughout his realm
    • Encourage Learning
      • Set up monastery schools
      • give support to scholars
      • set scribes to copy ancient books
    • Carolingian Renaissance
  • Alfred the Great(849-899)
    • ruler of Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, made Wessex the A-S cultural centre
      • Introduce teachers and scholars
      • Found new monasteries
      • Promote translation into the vernacular
      • Inspire the compilation of the A-S Chronicles
  • St. Thomas Aquinnas(1225-1274)
    • Italian philosopher and theologian, the supreme figure in scholasticism（经院哲学）；Harmonize faith and reason.
      • Summa Contra Ventiles
        • truth discerned by human reson
        • truth imparted by relevation
        • From God
      • Summa Theologica
        • form a system
        • sum up all the knowledge of medieval theology
        • defend feudal theocracy by arguing: the feudal hierarchy is "God's rule"; the power of feudal ruler originates from "God's will"; the Pope is "Christ's Plenipotentiary（全权代表）