EVOLVING A FUNCTIONAL BASIS FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN

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EVOLVING A FUNCTIONAL BASIS FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN

• 1 INTRODUCTION
  • 1.1 Scope
    • In engineering design, the end goal is the creation of an arti fact, product, system, or process that performs a function or func tions to fulfill customer need(s).
    • In this paper, we extend the basic understanding of function in engineering design
    • In the remainder of this paper, we present the motivation, background, approach, results and conclusions of this research.
  • 1.2 Motivation and Applications
    • Several factors motivate the creation of a functional basis for mechanical design
    • Through the course of this project, a variety of research is sues have arisen that will in the long term affect the way in which design repositories are implemented and used. These issues in clude:
      • 1) Development of an information-modeling framework to sup port modeling of engineering artifacts to provide a more com prehensive knowledge representation than traditional CAD systems.
      • 2) Implementation of interfaces for creating, editing, and brows ing design repositories that are easy to use and effective in conveying information that is desired
      • 3) The use of standard representations, when possible, and con tribution to long-term standards development where standards currently do not exist (e.g., representation of engineering func tion).
      • 4) Development of taxonomies of standardized terminology to help provide consistency in, and across, design repositories, as well as to facilitate indexing, search, and retrieval of infor mation from them
    • The degree to which these issues have been addressed, to date, varies within the NIST Design Repository Project.
    • General Engineering Design and Product Development.
    • Several other justifications exist for formal representations of function for engineering design.
• 2 BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK
  • 2.1 Functional Modeling Research
    • Other researchers have recognized the importance of a com mon vocabulary for broader issues of design.
    • In modern, systematic, function-based design methodologies the search for a consistent functional vocabulary is motivated by the related needs of a clear stopping point in the functional mod eling process and a consistent level of functional detail.
  • 2.2 The NIST Research Effort
    • In 1999, as part of work involving the development of a ge neric representation for product knowledge, researchers at NIST undertook an effort to develop generic taxonomies of engineer ing functions and associated flows
    • This paper focuses on that portion of the NIST research that involved the concepts of function and flow.
  • 2.3 The Functional Basis Effort
    • The functional basis research grew out of the need for differ ent researchers to describe and compare products functionally.
    • To describe a product’s functionality, an extension to the Pahl and Beitz function structure approach was developed.
• 3 RECONCILIATION OF THE NIST TAXONOMY AND THE FUNCTIONAL BASIS
  • 3.1 General Approach
    • The intent of the integrated functional basis is that the set of terms at a given level should provide a complete coverage of all concepts within that category.
    • During the reconciliation process, a new term is added when it is necessary to do so in order to provide coverage to some area that is not currently fully covered.
    • By developing functional models using different levels of representation, different levels of specification can be developed
    • The two functional vocabularies differ in the naming schemes employed for the levels of specification.
  • 3.2 Specific Approach
    • Our specific approach to reconciling the two functional vo cabularies followed a three-step algorithm consisting of review, union and reconciliation steps.
    • Step 1: Review The latest versions
    • Step 2: Union and Intersection
    • Step 3: Reconciliation
• 4 RESULTS
  • A review of Szykman et al. yields 3 class (primary) flows and 6 class (primary) functions, whereas Stone and Wood yields 3 class (primary) flows and 8 class (primary) functions
  • In general, the NIST function and flow descriptors at the low est level are more detailed than the lowest level of the functional basis.
  • The material level has five further specified secondary categories with an expanded list of tertiary categories.
• 5 USAGE AND VALIDATION OF EARLIER EFFORTS
  • 5.1 Discussion of Usage
    • Both of the earlier efforts (the NIST taxonomies and the origi nal functional basis) were not developed solely as an informa tion-organizing exercise, but to actively support manual and soft ware based applications of functional modeling methods.
  • 5.2 Supporting Cases and Validation
    • A number of research and industrial partnership efforts are underway to support our research on the functional basis.
• 6 CONCLUSIONS
  • In engineering design, functional modeling provides a direct method for understanding and representing an overall artifact function without reliance on physical structure.
  • In practice, to achieve repeatable and meaningful results from functional modeling, a formal functional representation is needed.
  • Both of these efforts were initiated and progressed independently, but were founded on common assumptions.

《设计，在人人设计的时代 ——社会创新设计导论》

• 第一部分 社会创新与设计
  • 第一章 为新文明而创新
    • 社会创新
      • 定义
        • 例子
        • 总结
      • 解决方式
      • 社会经济
    • 分布式弹性系统
      • 分布式
      • 分布式创新浪潮分为了四类
      • 弹性
    • 可持续的多种品质
      • 复杂性和规模
      • 工作与协作
      • 关系与时间
      • 本地性和开放性
    • 一个新文明的到来?
      • 让我们通力合作，帮助新大陆浮出水面
  • 第二章 在连接的世界中设计
    • 传统与设计
      • 因为建造世界的过程并非总以相同方式进行
      • 惯例模式
      • 设计模式
    • 解决问题和意义建构
      • 分在两种世界里面进行考量
    • 大众设计和专业设计
    • 设计模式地图
      • 草根组织（大众设计/解决问题）
      • 文化活动家（大众设计/意义建构）
      • 设计和传播机构（专业设计/意义建构）
      • 设计和技术机构（专业设计/解决问题）
    • 新兴的设计文化
      • 场所营造者
      • 设计活动家
      • 微型设计生产企业
    • 设计中的社会创新
      • 网络和联盟
      • 设计过程和设计活动
    • 设计，一种新的描述
  • 第三章 社会创新设计
    • 社会创新设计的本质
    • 它不是什么
      • 社会设计不是（尽管可能是）社会创新设计
      • 自我膨胀设计和记事贴设计
    • 它的运作方式
    • 新的设计知识
      • 设计研究网络
• 第二部分 协作者们
  • 第四章 协作式组织
    • 新的社会形式
      • 自下而上、自上而下、点对点
    • 自愿协作
    • 赋能生态系统
      • 不同的逻辑和尺度
  • 第五章 协作式接触
    • 协作式接触的维度
      • “简略来说，合作指的是参与者们从接触中受益的交换活动
      • 积极参与
      • 协作参与
      • 社会关系强度
      • 个人关系强度
    • 绘制协作式接触地图
      • 参与者介入的方式:PI图
      • 交互品质:IQ图
    • 现实中的协作式接触
      • 案例
        • 家有学生(米兰)
        • 公园坡食品合作社(布鲁克林，纽约)
      • 形形色色的协作式接触
• 第三部分 让事情发生
  • 第六章 事情的视觉呈现和形态呈现
    • 地图法与放大法
      • 地图法与场所营造
      • 放大法与动态化
        • 放大弱信号
    • 创造故事
      • 数字化叙事
      • 混合现实
    • 建立情境
      • 以设计为导向的情境
  • 第七章 让事情有实现的可能
    • 环境支持
      • 促进型基础设施
        • 生活实验室
      • 强化设计能力
    • 网络化治理
    • 实验场所
  • 第八章 让事情有效且有意义
    • 解决问题
      • 便利程度、效率和灵活性
        • 汽车共享的案例
      • 促进性解决方案
    • 意义建构
      • 本地成果和广阔视野
      • 社会性和被建构的欢乐
    • 建立信任
  • 第九章 让事情可复制且相关联
    • 小型、本地、开放、互联
      • 网络中的小不再是小
      • SLOC情境
    • 通过复制实现规模拓展
      • 理念传播和网络效应
      • 社区工具包
      • 社会加盟经营
    • 通过连接实现规模提升
      • 横向和纵向连接
        • 案例
  • 第十章 让事情立足本地保持开放
    • 场所营造
      • 场所和社区
    • 场所和弹性
      • 为弹性而设计
      • 两个相反方向
      • 一个新的地域生态系统
    • 通过项目来规划
    • 世界性的本地主义