导图社区 名词
最全最细的名词思维导图,附解释
编辑于2020-03-30 22:40:40名词
按构词法分类
简单名词 Simple Noun eg:room
复合名词 Compound Noun eg:classroom
派生名词 Derivation Noun 简单名词加词缀 eg: ment,cial,ful
按语法特征分类
可数名词 Countable Noun
按词法特征分类
个体名词
集体名词
普通复数,谓语动词用复数 eg:people police cattle poultry vermin clergy militia
单数和复数两种含义 eg:family class team government crowd committee crew jury party firm couple board group gang enemy union audience public mankind humanity youth
单复同形
某些动物的名称 eg: bison, reindeer, cod, salmon, trout
craft及由它构成的合成词 eg:craft, aircraft, hovercraft, spacecraft
其他以s结尾的名词 eg:species, means, works, offsprings, headquarters, barracks
表示某国人的名词:eg:Japanese, Chinese, Swiss
物质名词具体化,不可数变可数名词 eg:beer啤酒变为two beers两罐啤酒
抽象名词具体化 eg:failure失败,He was a failure. 失败的人
按用法分类
单数 singular number
复数 plura number
一般情况加s eg:desks, maps, cats, pens, rooms, dogs, cars
以s,x, sh, ch结尾加es,读/iz/ eg:buses, boxes, watches, brushes
以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i再加es,读/iz/ eg:babies, cities,countries
以元音字母+y结尾,直接+s eg:days, boys, keys
以辅音字母+o结尾
有生命加es eg:potatoes, tomatoes, heroes
无生命加s eg:kilos, photos, pianos
元音字母+o结尾,直接+s eg:zoos, bamboos, radios, studios, taboos
以f,fe结尾,去f,fe变ves eg:halves,lives,leaves 例外:proofs,roofs,chiefs,beliefs,gulfs,griefs
不规则变化 Irregular plural
变内部元音 eg:man – men, foot – feet, goose – geese, tooth – teeth, mouse – mice
词尾+en eg:ox – oxen, child – children
合成名词变复数
多数复合名词+s或+es eg:theatre-goers, fire-engines, grown-ups
由名词+连字符号(-)+其他词构成的复合名词,在主体名词后+(e)s eg:editors-in-chief, lookers-on, runners-up, passers-by
由man-woman(作性别标志)+被修饰名词构成的复合名词,所有部分都变成复数 eg:man servant → men servants, woman doctor → women doctors 例外:girl student变为girl students,boy student变为boy students
外来词 eg:datum – data, basis – bases, crisis – crises, antenna – antennae, medium – media, analysis – analyses
以-s结尾的复数名词表示单数概念
某些以-s结尾的游戏的名称 eg:acrobatics, athletics, marbles, billiards, politics, darts
某些以-ics结尾的学科的名称 eg:physics, linguistics, economics, acoustics, genetics
某些以-s结尾的地理名称
“群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称,通常作复数 eg: the West Indies, the Himalayas, the Straits of Gibraltar, the Niagara Falls
单一政治实体专有名词,用作单数 eg:the United States, the United Nations, the Netherlands
某些以-s结尾的疾病的名称 eg:diabetes, measles, rabies, rickets, mumps, shingles
以-s结尾的某些复数名词表示复数概念
其他情况 eg:clothes, contents, goods, fireworks, remains,ashes,riches
以-ing结尾的名词(表示多量) eg: belongings, surroundings, earnings, clippings, findings, savings
表示成对概念的名词(工具、仪器、服装) eg:scissors, shades, glasses, shorts, stockings, trousers
不可数名词 Uncountable Noun
物质名词
抽象名词(有些抽象名词不可数和加复数意义不同 eg:experience经验 experiences经历;education教育 educations学历)
专有名词
集体名词表总体时,没有复数形式 eg:clothing furniture baggage/luggage jewelry traffic infomation machinery merchandise produce scenery poetry
个体名词抽象化 eg:room本为房间,抽象化后是空间
按词汇意义分类
专有名词 Proper Noun
普通名词 Common Noun
个体名词 Individual Noun 可以单个独立存在的人、动植物、和团体的名称
集体名词 Collective Noun eg:furniture people team family poetry army cattle population
抽象名词 Material Noun eg:happiness education
物质名词 Abstract Noun 无法分为个体的实物 eg:milk bread flour
名词的性
在某些阳性名词词尾后+ess, +ette构成阴性 eg: actor-actress, god-goddess, poet-poetess, usher-usherette
阳性名词与阴性名词词形完全不同 eg: son-daughter, brother-sister, king-queen, bull-cow, nephew-niece
在某些名词前加man, woman, boy, girl, male, female, he, she等词来区分性别 eg:a man servant, a woman servant, a boy scout, a girl scout, a male animal, a female animal, a he-goat, a she-goat
惯用于男性和惯用于女性的名词:有些名词已惯用于男性,其代词用he ,him, his;有些则惯用于女性,其代词用she, her
惯用于女性的词 eg:nurse, typist, dressmaker, housekeeper
惯用于男性的词 eg: general, lawyer, fellow, lover, soldier, sailor
船、火车、国家、城市等常被看做阴性名词 eg:The Titanic sank on her maiden voyage. China is proud of her long history. Hong Kong is famous for her internationalization.
拟人化的阴性词(柔和、优美) eg:moon, night, the earth, liberty, hope, justice
拟人化的阳性词(伟大、强大、恐怖) eg:mountain, wind, war, storm, sun
名词的属格
属格的构成
单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词,一般在词尾加-’s eg:my mother’s arrival women’s clothes
以s结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加 -’ eg:the girls’ dormitory a teachers’ college
复合名词和作为一个整体的名词词组构成属格时,在最后一个词的词尾加-’s eg:my mother-in-law’s death an hour and a half's talk
并列名词表示各自的所有关系时,采用 A’s and B’s 的形式;表示共有时,则采用 A and B’s 的形式; eg. Mary’s and Bob’s books Mary and Bob’s books
“名词词组+同位语”构成属格时,-’s可以加在同位语名词之后,也可以前后都加-’s eg:his classmate Richard’s arrival his classmate’s, Richard’s arrival
以咝音/z/结尾的人名,其属格加-’s或-’均可;但以其他咝音结尾的人名,属格用-’s eg:Dickens’/Dickens’s novels Mark’s works, Ross’s belong
属格的用法
Possessive genitive (表示所有关系) eg:Mary’s books Kobe’s appearance the earth’s surface
Descriptive genitive (表示类别或属性) eg:men’s shoes children’s books a winter’s day
Objective genitive (表示动宾关系)动宾关系包含动作和动作的施加对象 eg:the enemy’s defeat the criminal’s punishment children’s education
Subjective genitive (表示主谓关系)主谓关系包含实施动作的人和动作 eg:Mary’s arrival Kobe’s temperature
Genitive of origin (表示来源) eg:cow’s milk the Party’s call China Daily’s editorial
Genitive used in some noun phrases (用在某些固定词组中) eg:at arm’s length at a snail’s pace at sword’s points
Genitive of some non-living things, such as , (a) time, distance, measure, value, place (表示时间、距离、度量、价值、地点等);nature, culture, art, science, industry,etc. (表示自然、天体、文化、艺术、交通、科技、工业等) eg:a day’s delay ten meters’ distance five ton’s steel twenty dollar’s value the town’s park the film’s significance
Uses of ’s Genitive and Of-Genitive ’s属格和of属格的用法比较
多数情况下,’s 属格和 of 属格可以互用 eg:China’s foreign policy = the foreign policy of China (表示所有关系) the prime minister’s arrival = the arrival of the prime minister (表示主谓关系) the criminal’s punishment = the punishment of the criminal (表示动宾关系) Shakespeare’s tragedies = the tragedies of Shakespeare (表示来源)
在某些情况下,只能用’s 属格
在某些情况下,只能用 of 属格
独立属格Independent Genitive
独立属格的构成:’s 属格所修饰的名词省略, 如 Mary’s, the baker’s, the butcher’s
独立属格的用法
名词中心词已在上下文中出现过 eg:Her memory is like an elephant’s. Mary’s is the largest house.
被省略的名词中心词表示“地点”,通常指普通住宅、(教堂、学校等)公共场所或(店铺、公司等) 营业场所 Tonight we are going to John’s (house). John lives near St. Paul’s (Cathedral) in London.
双重属格Double Genitive
形式
非特指限定词(a,an,this,those,these等)+n. +of+‘s属格 eg:She is a friend of my mother’s. That is another mistake of your brother’s. Some bad habits of her son’s are hard to get rid of it. That big nose of Tom’s is rather silly.
注意事项
用作介词补语成分的属格名词,必须是确定特指的, 而且一般指人;(a patient of the doctor’s √, a patient of a doctor’s ×, an engine of the plane’s×)
双重属格名词前使用this, that, these 和those等指示限定词,表示爱憎褒贬等感情色彩。
双重属格所修饰的名词通常带a, any, some等表示非确定特指的限定词
双重属格用法
of属格和's属格的对比: He is a friend of my father’s. (我父亲的一位朋友)= He is one of my father’s friends. He is a friend of my father. (一位对我父亲很友好的人;最简单,就是把of看为about)=He is friendly to my father a portrait of Mr Brown’s (一张由布朗先生画的或收藏的肖像)=one of the portraits owned or collected by Mr. Brown a portrait of Mr. Brown(一张布朗先生的肖像,即肖像本人是布朗)=a picture of Mr. Brown himself a criticism of Mr. Hamilton’s(汉密尔顿先生做出的一次批评)=one of the criticisms made by Mr. Hamilton a criticism of Mr. Hamilton(对汉密尔顿先生进行的一次批评)= Mr. Hamilton is criticized
名词的单位
General partitives (普通单位词)英语中搭配能力最强、最常用的单位词是piece片;块;段;节, bit小量;小块, article一件, item一项
Partitives related to the shape of things (表示形状的单位词)表示形状的单位词主要有:cake一块, bar一条, drop一滴, ear一穗, flight一群, ball一团, grain 一粒; 一点点;一些, head一颗 , loaf一条, lump 一块, spiral 一圈圈的 a spiral of incense 一圈圈的烟雾, slice一片,一份, line一行, pile一大堆, bunch一束, a bundle of firewood 一捆柴火 ; 一捆柴, chain一系列; 人选; 一串,搭配能力受限制
Partitives related to volume(表示容积的单位词);表示容积的单位词主要有:box一盒; 一箱, bag一包, cluster一串(葡萄), basket一篮子, bottle一瓶; 一盒, cup, glass, basin一盆, jar一瓶;一缸, handful一把; 一小撮,spoonful一勺,mouthful一嘴; 一口, armful一叠, truckload一卡车, lorryload一卡车,suite一套(房),a tin of chicken 一罐头鸡肉, set一堆(书本)搭配能力较强
Partitives related to the state of action (表示动作状态的单位词)动态单位词主要有:fit突发一阵,阵发, peal一滩 , flash一线, display展示, bolt(闪电)一道;一串, stroke一个单位(可以是一道,一次,一个,一击等等), gust一阵 ,通常只限于某些固定搭配
Partitives denoting pairs, groups, flock, etc. (表示成双、成组、成群的单位词)这类单位词主要有:pair, group, memory一群(大象), flock一群(羊), herd一群(鸟,牛), hill一堆(玉米), litter一窝;一堆, swarm一群, bench一行;一帮, troupe一队;一批;一团;一群, pack一包;(野兽等的)一群;一盒,choir一帮(合唱团), gang一帮;一伙(通常形容坏人), a pack of hounds 一群猎狗 ; 一群猎犬, shoal一群., school一群, 通常也只限于某些固定搭配