苏菲的世界—苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德

三者之间的发展，哲学的发展，三者之间的关系

Classical philosophy

• Socrates
  • Men at the center
    • Sophists and Socrates turned their attention from question of natural philosophy to problems related to man and society.
      • Sophists
        • Man is the measure of all things.
        • skepticsim
        • agnostic
        • There were no absolute norms for what was right or wrong.
        • Right and wrong was something “flowed”.
      • the difference between Socrates and Sophists
        • Socrates did not teach for money
        • Wisest is she who knows she does not know
        • "One thing only I know, and that is that I know nothing."
        • He believed that the ability to distinguish between right and wrong lies in people's reason and not in society.
        • He believe in the existence of eternal and absolute rules for what was right or wrong.
  • Teaching method
    • Instead of lecturing like a traditional schoolmaster, Socrates discussed.
      • Socrates saw his task as helping people tp give birth to the correct insight, since real understanding must come from within.
      • True sight comes from whitin.
      • Socratic irony
  • Rationalist
    • Socrates felt that it was necessary to establish a solid foundation for our knoeledge. He believed that this foundation lay inman's reason.
      • He who knows what good is will do good.
  • Views on women
    • Everybody can grasp philosophical truths if they just use their innate reason.
• Plato--Socrates's pupil
  • Plato's academy
    • Plato set up his own school of philosophy, named after the legendary Greek hero Academus.
  • Teaching method
    • Lively discourse
  • Plato was concerned with the relationship between what is eternal and immutable and what flows.
    • He is concerned with both what is eternal and immutable in nature and what is eternal and immutable as regards morals and society.
  • Plato’s theory of ideas
    • Plato’s conception was of eternal and immutable patterns, spiritual and abstract in their nature that all things are fashioned after.
    • There must be a reality behind the “material world.” He called this reality the world of ideas, it contained the eternal and immutable “pattern” behind the various phenomenon we come across in nature.
  • The knowledge
    • We can only have true knowledge of things that can be understood with our reason.
    • We can rely on what our reason tells us because that is the same for everyone.
  • The reality is divided into two regions
    • The world of sense
    • The world of ideas
      • We have a body that flows, is inseparably bound to the world of sense. All our senses are based in the body and are consequently unreliable.
      • The soul existed before in inhabited the body.
  • The human body is composed of 3 parts (as well as a state)
    • The head—reason-wisdom\rulers
    • The chest—will-courage\auxiliaries
    • The abdomen—appetite-be curbed\fa-borers
  • Views on women
    • Women had the same common sense as men.
• Aristotle--Plato's pupil
  • Criticized Plato’s theory of ideas
    • Plato was so engrossed in his eternal forms, or ideas, that he took very notice of the changes in nature.
    • Aristotle was preoccupied with just these changes—natural processes.
    • Plato held that ideas were more real than all the phenomena of nature. First came the idea, the came the sensores world.
      • Aristotle pointed out that nothing exists in consciousness that has not first been experienced by the senses.
      • Plato would have said that there is nothing in the natural world that has not first exists in the world of ideas.
    • Man has no innate ideas
  • The substance and the form
    • The reality consisted of various separate things that constitute a unity of form and substance.
    • The substance is what things are made of while the form is each thing’s specific characteristics.
    • Substance always contains the potentiality to realize a specific form.
  • The final cause
    • The material cause
    • The efficient cause
    • The form cause
    • The final cause
  • Logic
    • Syllogism
  • Nature’s scale
    • Nonliving things
    • Living things
      • Plants
      • Creatures
        • Namely animals
        • Humans
  • Ethics
    • There are three forms of happiness (Golden Mean)
      • A life of pleasure and enjoyment.
      • A life as a free and responsible citizen.
      • A life as thinker and philosopher
        • Aristotle emphasized that all three criteria must be present at the same time for man to find happiness and fulfillment.
    • The ethics of both plato and Aristotle contain echoes of Greek medicine: only by exercising balance and temperance will I achieve a happy or harmonious life
  • The man is by nature a political animal.
  • Views on women
    • Women were incomplete in some way. A woman was an "unfinished man."