导图社区 2023考研英语语法田静句句真研完整版(1)
句句真研知识点总结23: 长难句分析 长难句→简单句→简单句的核心 断开 简化 ❶标点 ❶定位谓语动词 ❷连接词 ❷去修饰找核心 ❸分析主谓
编辑于2023-09-02 23:44:54 河南英语语法
简单句
简单句的核心
核心构成
主语+ 谓语动词v.+ ? 一主一谓、一一搭配
谓语v.有实义
不及物动词vi.
不及物动词就是,主语能够自己独立完成这个动作。
主谓
主语+vi.
Everybody else loses
及物动词vt.
主谓宾
主语+vt.+宾语
Everybody loves a fat payrise
主谓双宾
主语+vt.+两个宾语
人+物
They gave justices permanent-positions
物+人
物to人(表方向)
They gave permanent positions to justices
物for人(表目的)
主谓宾补
主语+vt.+宾语+宾补
You always keep your eyes open
谓语动词v.无实义
主系表
主语+(连)系动词+表语
This is a dangerous game
考场攻略: ❶简化句子——不及物动词 ❷找到分裂结构——及物动词 ❸判断从句 及物动词后——宾语从句 系动词后——表语从句
简单句的核心变化
谓语动词的变化
时态 时间+状态
一般时态
①一般过去时:表示完全发生在过去的事,现在已经不再那样。 ②一般现在时:表示现在的状态或者是经常性习惯性发生的事。 ③一般将来时:表示现在的之后。 ④(一般)过去将来时:过去的之后,通常与上下文的一般过去时搭配,表示在其之后发生的事。
进行时态 be doing
①过去进行时 ②现在进行时 ③将来进行时×
完成时态 have done 时间段
阶段性总结 ①过去完成时:过去的之前。 ②现在完成时:现在的之前。★ ③将来完成时:将来的之前。×
1。“过去完成时”发生在先,而“一般过去时”发生在后。 【补充】过去完成时表达“过去的之前”,时间段,从“过去的之前”到“过去”。 2。【补充】现在完成时表达“现在的之前”,时间段,从“现在的之前”到“现在”,即“从过去到现在”。在“ have / has ”和“ done ”中间常常夹着一些副词强调“之前”这一含义。例如: already “已经”、 just “刚刚”、 ever “曾经”、 never “从不”。还可以加人其他副词,例如: also “也”、 nearly “几乎”、 long “长期地”等。如下: 例: Most leading retailers have already tried e - commerce , with limited success , and expansion abroad . 例: Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money . 例: Families have also experienced changes these years . 【补充】现在完成时与一般过去时的区别: 从宏观上来讲,两者涉及的时间不同 一般过去时只表示“过去”, 现在完成时表示的是“从过去到现在”这一时间段。例如: …the response has been favorable .…表示“从过去到现在”反应一直是赞同的。 …the response was favorable …则只表示“过去”反应是赞同的,而“现在”已经不再那样了。 从微观上来讲,可以把现在完成时的两种用法分别跟一般过去时进行比较: ①现在完成时的“全部完成” VS .一般过去时(可互换使用,但强调不同) 既然现在全部都完成了,就说明事情发生在过去,因此可以换成一般过去时。 但两者表达同一件过去的事情时,强调的角度有所不同。 现在完成时强调站在现在这个角度看过去的事情,虽然事情做完了,但影响持续到现在,通常会在上下文中体现出对现在的影响。 例如: He has left , so I cannot find him now .他已经离开了(事情做完了),所以我现在找不到他,强调对现在有影响。 一般过去时强调站在过去的角度看过去的事,通常会搭配出现过去的时间。 例如: He left two hours ago .句中出现了 two hours ago (两个小时前),强调过去的时间。 ②现在完成时的“部分完成” VS .一般过去时(不能互换使用) 如果是只做完了一部分,没有全部做完,则说明现在还在做,就不能换成一般过去时。 因为一般过去时表示完全发生在过去的事,现在已经不再那样,意思不同,所以不能互换。 例如: We have learned English for 15 years .我们从过去到现在学了15年英语。(现在还在学) We learned English for 15 years .我们过去学了15年英语。(现在不学了)
完成进行时态 have been doing 强调过程
①现在完成进行时 ②过去× ③将来×
内容小结: 1。时态=事情发生的“时间”+“状态”,通过谓语动词的变化来体现。 注意:每一个谓语动词都一定有时态示因此很重要。 2。时态共十六种(如下图):其中背景为蓝色的八种为考研重点,画叉的三种完全不需要会,其余简单了解。 3。学习时态要分成两个维度一时间和状态,重点学习“状态”的维度,共分四种:一般、进行、完成、完成进行。 4。注意:不管表达时态的谓语动词的单词有几个,都算作一个整体,即一个谓语动词。
情态 情绪+状态
情态动词
❶情态动词+动词原形 ❷过去 现在(两种时态) ❸无三单 ❹否定——+not 疑问——提前
could/would/should/might两种用法: ①表示相应的过去时。 ②表示现在的一种更委婉和客气的语气。
情态动词表示情态
情态动词表示推测
可能性最高must “肯定、一定” 可能性最低can′t/couldn′t“不可能” can/could will/would may/might
The details may be unknowable
情态动词+do 情态动词+ have done"针对之前的事情表达情态或推测" 情态动词+ be doing"针对正在进行的事情表达情态或推测" (have to不得不,ought to应该 )
Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.
情态动词还可用于虚拟
内容小结: 1 情态动词的用法主要有两种:一是表达“情绪和态度”;二是表达“推测”。 2 考研常用的情态动词: must , can , could , will , would , should , may , might 。 3 注意:“情态动词+动词原形”算作一个整体,即一个谓语动词。
语态
主动语态:主语与谓语动词的动作发出者,主动关系
被动语态:主语与谓语动词的动作承受者,被动关系
被动语态的构成
补充:如果强调被动的动作发出者,即强调“被谁做”,可以在被动后加上“by+动作的发出者”。
被动语态与时态相结合
【补充】主动和被动的句子中,表现时态的用词不同。在主动语态的句子中,要把“谓语动词”变为各种时态; 被动语态的句子中,表现时态变化的不是动作所对应的动词,而是把“ be ”变成对应的各种时态。
被动语态与情态相结合
must be/can be/will be/may be等
Those first few days should be spent looking for work. 情态动词+ be done(be 用原形,情态动词后要用动词原形。)
内容小结: 1 被动语态表示主语和谓语动词之间是被动的关系(主语是谓语动词的动作承受者)。 2 被动语态的构成为“ be + done ”,其中 done 表达被动的动作, be 表达被动的时间和主语的单复数。 3 考研真题中经常考查被动语态与时态和情态的结合。 4 注意:不管是和时态还是情态相结合,被动语态跟它们永远作为一个整体,即算个谓语动词。
否定
实义动词变否定
助动词 do/does/did+not+动词原形
American professors did not possess one.
助动词和情态动词否定
助动词和情态动词+not
With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with human.
如果一个谓语动词中包含多个助动词或情态动词,否定加在第一个后。 注意:谓语动词变否定后,无论变成几个动词,仍然视作一个整体, 即作为一个谓语动词。
Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not beingcheated . 此句中,谓语动词是现在进行时的被动语态 is being cheated ,其中包含了两个助动词 is 和 being ,变否定时, not 要加在第一个助动词后,因此变为 is not being cheated 。
强调
助动词do/does/did + 动词原形
Although the figure may vary,analysts do agree on another matter.
考点攻略: 谓语动词的三态变化(时态 情态 语态)重点掌握。 谓动词无论怎么变化都视为整体,算一个谓语动词。 ❶抓住谓语动词,就是抓住句子最核心的表述动作或内容 ❷定位谓动词,准确找到主语 ❸定位谓语动词,确定长难句中包含了几件事
主语、宾语、表语的变化
名词、代词作主宾表
The process is natural selection .
非谓语动词doing作主宾
非谓语动词doing作主语 (位于句首)
不及物动词doing作主语(系动词三单形式)
... laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness.
及物动词doing sth/sb 作主语
Broadcasting his ambition was "very much my descision"...
加入形容词、副词、介词短语修饰doing sth/sb作主语
Merely expanding the orchestra's repertoive will not be enough.
【补充】 1 doing 作主语,谓语动词用单数。除非有多个 doing 并列,用复数。 2 doing作成分时不一定只有一个词,如果是及物动词的话,要后接宾语,因此词组“ doing sth ./ sb .”会作为一个整体出现,来作主语、宾语等成分。有时还会有其他修饰限定的成分(形容词、副词、介词等)伴随 doing。
非谓语动词doing作宾语
Americans stoped taking prosperity for granted.
宾语成分一般有两种位置:动宾或介宾(即位于及物动词后或者介词后),因此doing作宾语,也有这两种位置。
非谓语动词to do作主宾表
非谓语动词to do作主语 (常位于句尾,首句用it形式主语)
... to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.
后置用法 it作形式主语
It is painful to read these round about accounts today .
to do和doing做主语时,意思差别不大,可以互换。
补充: 1 单复数同上。 2 主系表结构中,主语和表语都可以用非谓语动词doing或to do,使用时要前后保持一致。 (及主语和表语同时都用doing或同时都用to do) 3 to do做成分时不一定只有两个词,如果是及物动词的话,后要介宾语,因此"to do sth./sb."会作为一个整体出现,来做主 宾 表等成分。有时还会出现其他修饰限定的成分(形容词 副词 介词等)伴随不定式。
非谓语动词to do作宾语 (只能位于及物动词后)
Fortunately,the White House is starting to pay attention.
主谓宾补后置用法
The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals .
to do 作宾语,只位于及物动词后,不能位于介词后(介词后要用 doing )。 但及物动词后究竟用 doing 还是 to do 作宾语,主要是由及物动词来决定,取决于它的习惯搭配 【补充】 to do 作宾语还可以后置,而形式宾语也用 it 。但后置的条件除了真正的宾语 to do 比较长之外,还有一个条件就是要在主谓宾补的句型中(因为如果是在主谓宾的句型中,即使宾语再长,它也已经是最后一个成分,不需要再后置)。
非谓语动词to do作表语 (主要位于系动词后,通常是be动词之后)
The trick is to direct these funds better.
并列多个主宾表
表语不仅可以由名词或者相当于名词的成分(代词或非谓语动词)来充当,同时也可以用形容词或介词短语等来充当。如果并列连词相同,只在最后一个对象前加上并列的连词,其余用逗号代替。如果并列连词不同,且并列多个对象时,则不能省略。
并列连词分为两类
从句
考场攻略:看懂复杂多变的主宾表 ❶定位谓语动词 ❷找到谓语动词前面的主语和后面的宾语或表语 ❸找到完整的doing 和to do整体词组
简单句的扩展
词性角度
限定词
用于限定名词,包括冠词(a,an,the)、数词、名词所有格 限定词可以同时出现多个放在名词前,名词也可以修饰名词,起到修饰限定的作用。
The roughly 20 million in habitants of these nations looked hopefully to the future.
形容词、副词
形容词、副词作修饰成分
形容词修饰名词
作定语——修饰名词,位于名词前后
The idea seems promising ,and Rosenbery is a perceptive observer.
做表语 ——补充说明主语(主语通常为名词),位于系动词后
It's a stunning move
副词修饰动词
Such bodily reaction might conceivably help moderate the effects of psychological stress
副词修饰句子
Similary ,the physical act of laughter could improve mood.
副词修饰形容词和它副词
The tourist steams are not entirely separate.
形容词、副词的三种比较级别
原级
as + adj/adv原形(比较的内容) + as + 比较的对象 和 ... 相比一样的 ...
Few people are as fertile as in the past.
比较级
adj/adv比较(比较的内容) + (than 比较的对象) (和 ... 相比) 更 ... 通常用作两者之间的比较
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were ,and so less sensitive to swing in the oil price.
最高级
adj/adv最高级) + (介词短语表示比较的范围) (... 范围内) 最 ... 通常用于三者或三者以上的比较
Some of the biggest developments will be in medicin e...
介词短语 (句子的非核心成分)
表示时间的介词
Since the days of Aristotle,a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise.
Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death .
For years ,executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule.
表示地点的介词
Behind the scenes , they have been taking aim at someone else:the accounting standard-setters.
The link between dreams and emotions show up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic.
其他用法的介词
They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.
Despite these factors ,many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems.
It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.
考场攻略:去扩展修饰,找核心
成分的拓展
非谓语动词作定语、状语
非谓语动词
1.不作谓语的动词 2.主语+谓语+非谓语 3.doing/done/to do(单独出现) doing 表示主动、done 表示被动、to do表示目
非谓语动词作定语
修饰限定名词,逻辑主语为名词
It also raises questions concerning "values".
非谓语动词修饰名词作定语,通常翻译到名词前,译成“…的…”。
非谓语动词作状语
修饰限定句子,逻辑主语为句子主语
Enraged by Entergy′s behavior ,the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.
非谓语动词修饰句子作状语时①通常可以翻译成独立的一句。②为了更加明确的表达补充的是什么内容,可以在非谓语动词前加上从属连词,突出表达和句间的逻辑关系。
考场攻略: ❶非谓语动词词组的完整性 ❷准确找到非谓语动词所修饰的对象 方法一 非谓语动词的位置(就近原则) 方法二 与句子间是否有逗号隔开 方法三 代入法(to do类),把前后的名词或句子主语分别带入到非谓语,看意思是否合适。 ❸非谓语动词的去留 非谓语动词作主语、宾语、表语(通常位于谓语动词前后)时要保留; 非谓语动词作定语、状语(通常位于名词或整个句子前后,只是修饰名词或句子的成分)时可以先去掉。
同位语插入语
同位语
解释说明前面名词(同一件事)
Its current leader, Ed Miliband ,owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.
放在所解释的名词后(句中、句尾皆可)
词,词组,句子都可以作同位语
不是句子的核心信息
标志性标点:逗号 破折号 冒号
插入语
主谓结构作插入语,表示某人说,某人认为
No one, he submits ,could have written it without processing some power of reasoning.
副词作插入语
These facts, however ,have previously been thought unrelated.
介词短语作插入语
Justice Antonin Scalia, for example ,appeared at political event.
后来插入句子中间的成分,造成分裂结构。 表示补充说明的内容。 句子的非核心成分。 通常插入与两端有成对的括号、逗号、破折号(有时没有)。
考场攻略: ❶找到谓语动词,确定是否为简单句(一件事) ❷去修饰,找核心 ❸找到句子的核心
长难句
并列句 多个简单句+并列连词 多件事一样重要
并列句的构成
表示顺接的并列连词
The finanical fallout has begun,and the politied fallout may not be far behind.
表示转折的并列连词 转折之后的结论更重要
Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low rate of interest,but loans of this kind are not frequently obtainable.
表示选择的并列连词
Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments,or it simply didn't foresee what would happed next.
表示因果的并列连词
Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite,so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite.
只能放在两个句子中间
重点研究前后连接句子并列连词。
并列句的省略
并列句独有特点:相同的主语可以省略,余下的部分保持不变
The program keeps track of your progress and provides detailed feedback on your performance and improvement.
复合句 主句+从句
名词性从句 从句在整个句子中充当着名词的角色
宾语从句 连接词+陈述句
宾语从句的含义
一个句子作宾语,放在另一个句子(主句)中。
宾语从句的写法
陈述句变宾语从句
前加that(that不作成分,可省略),建议都加上
Dr.Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative.
特殊疑问句变宾语从句
调整语序,主语提前
We suddenly can't remember where we put the keys just a moment ago.
一般疑问句变宾语从句
先调整语序,再加连接词if/whether (if有时不能使用,例如:主语从句中)
I don't know if other clients are going to abandon me,too.
共同点
① 从句都是陈述句语气 ② 从句前都有连接词 ③ 从句缺什么连接词加什么
宾语从句的位置
三种位置
动宾
动单宾
动单宾:及物动词+从句
...scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate according to mental effort.
动双宾
动双宾:及物动词+人+从句
...users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.
介宾
介词+宾语从句
...those differences are swamped by how well each person "encodes" the information.
形宾
形容词+(介词+)宾语从句
...he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.
非谓语动词+从句
doing + 从句
Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis,suggesting that the structures of languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.
to do + 从句
You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.
多个宾语从句
To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.
宾语从句后置,it形式宾语
条件: 1、长宾语 2、主谓宾补的句式
That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisious will be accepted as impartial judgments.
表语从句 连接词+陈述句 that不能省略
表语从句的含义
一个句子作表语,放到另一个句子(主句)中。
表语从句的写法
表语从句的位置
位于系动词后(通常是be)
For Williams,these activities become what he calls "electronic morphine".
非谓语动词+表语从句
Human nature being what it is,most people stick with default settings.
主语从句 that不作成分,不可省略,表达是否能用whether
主语从句的含义
一个句子做主语,放到另一个句子(主句)中。
主语从句的写法
主语从句的位置
位于句首,谓语动词之前
What is needed is a technology of behavior.
位于句尾,it作形式主语
It did not matter what was done in the experiment.
考研模板
It is done + 主语从句(表达人们对一件事的观点看法)
This year,it was proposed that the system be changed.
It is + adj./n.+主语从句(表达对一件事的评价)
… It is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized.
同位语从句 抽象n.+that+陈述句
同位语从句的含义
一个句子作同位语,放到另一个句子(主句)中。同位语从句的作用是解释说明一个抽象名词。
同位语从句的写法
同位语从句的位置
位于抽象名词后 idea opinion view fact evidence question doubt reason demand theory belief possibility chance contention guarantee 想法 观点 观点 事实 证据 问题 怀疑 理由 需求 理论 信念 可能性 机会 看法,观点 担保
Part of the fame of Allen′s book is its contention that "circumstances do not make a person,they reveal him"
定语从句 主句 + 先行词n. + 关系词 + 陈述句 (成分)关系词=先行词
定语从句的含义
1 一个句子作定语,修饰限定名词,位置在所修饰名词后。 2 定语从句所修饰的名词称为先行词,引出定语从句的词称为关系词 3 定语从句中的关系词有两个作用: 一是引导,引导定语从句,连接从句和先行词; 二是代替关系词,在定语从句中充当成分代替从句中跟先行词一样的成分。 (关系词=先行词)
定语从句的写法
和名词性从句差不多,定语从句的写法是“关系词+陈述句”关键在于关系词的选择问题。类比名词性从句,可以推测出:关系词的选择就看后面的陈述句中缺什么成分。定语从句中后面的陈述句缺少的成分,是由关系词来充当的,而关系词替代的成分又跟先行词相同,所以定语从句关系词的选择,就是四个字—看先行词。 如果先行词是事/物,那就选择物对应的关系词 which / that ;如果是人,那就选择人对应的 who / whom / that ,依此类推,如下:
先行词为事/物,关系词选择which/that
Furthermore,the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists
先行词为人,关系词选择who/whom/that(whom指人仅能作宾语)
Most archaeological sites,however,are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them.
先行词为人/物,表示人或物的所有格关系,关系词选择whose
On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference,at some basic level,seems to be the natural world.
先行词为时间,关系词选择when
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.
先行词为地点,关系词选择where
In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.
先行词为原因,关系词选择why
The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business.
定语从句关系词 注意事项
定语从句的关系词每一个都必须作成分,包括that(既指人也指物)
whom指人,只能在作宾语时使用; who和that指人,可以做任何成分。
when/where/why 引导定语从句时,前面的先行词必须与之匹配
关系词在定语从句中作宾语时(及物动词和宾语或介词后的宾语),都可以省略
These rules say they must value some assets at the price (that/which) a third party would pay.
特殊关系词 whereby 凭借,通过= by which 前跟“方式”“方法”等词method。
The definition also excludes the majority of teachers,despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.
定语从句的分类
If it is trying to upset Google,which relies almost wholly on advertising,it has chosen an indirect method.
This trend,which we believe is still in its infancy,effectively began with retailer and travel providers such as airline and hotels.
定语从句的补充
限定性定语从句与同位语从句的区别
共同点
n + 从句
不同点
One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.
特殊的非限定定语从句(修饰前面整句话)
关系词仅能使用which从句(位于主句后) as从句(位于主句前,中,后)
Most fisheries are well below that,which is a bad way to do bussiness.
介词提前的定语从句
如果介词提前那么关系代词则不能省略,不能用that, 指人“介词+whom”; 指物“介词+which”.
除了限定性定语从句之外,非限定性定语从句也可以把介词提前。
Grade forgiveness allows students to retake acourse which they received a low grade in…
Grade forgiveness allows students to retake acourse in which they received a low grade…
状语从句 主句 + 从属连词 + 完整的陈述句 从属连词不作成分,只表示逻辑关系
状语从句的含义
一个句子作状语,表达“描述性的信息”(描述时间,地点等),补充说明另一个句子(主语)
状语从句的写法
状语从句的位置
As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaderes.
Opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders,as the economy picks up.
Opportunities,as the economy picks up,will abound for aspiring leaders.
状语从句的分类
时间状语从句
从属连词:when、while、as、before、after、since、until、as soon as、by the time
地点状语从句
从属连词:where 在…地方
原因状语从句
从属连词:because、since、as、now that(因为现在)
结果状语从句
从属连词: such + n + that so + adj/adv + that (太...所以) so that (所以)
目的状语从句
从属连词: so that + 情态动词 in order that
条件状语从句
从属连词:if、unless、as long as、once
让步状语从句 明让步,暗转折
尽管...(但是)... 从属连词:although、though、even though、even if、while
比较状语从句
从属连词:than、as...as...
方式状语从句
从属连词:as、as if
as作为从属连词,引导状语从句 (as后引导的是完整句子,一定是状语从句)
特殊句式
倒装 主谓倒装,主语和谓语动词顺序颠倒
全部倒装 谓语动词全部置于主语前
There be + n :“有…”,表达客观存在
There is no gap between mind and matter
There be + n + 介词短语(地点/方位) : “有…在哪里”(介词短语表示位置)
There may be more matches in the database
There be句型:还可以把be变成不同的时态,表示不同时间的“有”。 be还可以结合情态,表示不同情态下的“有”或推测“可能有”。
部分倒装 一个陈述句变一般疑问句
否定副词或词组位于句首
Not only did they develop such a device but by the trun of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a world wide system.
Only 位于句首(句子要部分倒装,only后可以是词、词组或句子。)
Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own.
虚拟条件句省略if(从句部分倒装,主句不变。)
But had Entergy kept its word,that debate would be beside the point.
强调
强调句的构成 It is + 强调的部分 + that + 句子余下的部分 不能强调形容词和动词
It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony.
强调句不仅可以强调词或词组,也可以强调从句。
强调句的变化
It is/was + 强调的部分 + that/who + 句子余下的部分 (is强调现在的事,was强调过去的事)
It is they,not America,who have become anti-intellectual.
It was not until the 19th centry that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium.
无论强调的是什么成分都可以用,that; 如果强调的成分是人,可以who。
it is…that…不一定是强调句,也有可能是主语从句后置。
一是根据强调句的构成原理,如果去掉“ it is …. that …”,余下部分可还原成一个完整的句子,即为强调句;反之余下的部分不能还原成完整的句子则不是强调句,为主语从句(后置)。
二是如果发现“ it is …. that .”中间是形容词或动词,则该句为主语从句,因为强调句不能强调形容词或动词。
强调句和主语从句的区别
1、还原,去掉"it is ... that ...",余下的部分可以还原成一个完整的句子为强调,反之为主语从句。 2、"it is ... that ..."中间为形容词或动词,则为主语从句。
虚拟 (看懂即可)
虚拟的概述
什么是虚拟?
虚拟既非真实 ① 与真实情况不符 ② 可能性没有或很小
如何使用虚拟?
虚拟是谓语动词的一种特殊变化,通过改变谓语动词的时态,可以表达虚拟。
虚拟用在哪里?
主要考查:if虚拟条件句 、名词性从句的虚拟
if虚拟条件句(想要看懂将其翻译成中文) ❶从句往前推(表达虚拟时,把从句往前推一个时态。) ❷主句4+1(4个情态动词任选一个+与从句对应的主句形式) ❸将来同现在(假设将来事情的虚拟可以和假设现在的形式完全相同。)
If he had played last season,however,he would have been one of 42.
If circumstances always determind the lift and prospects of people,then humanity would never have progressed.
名词性从句的虚拟
只要主句中出现表示”建议、命令、要求”的词(无论词性是什么)名词性从句都需要虚拟, 从句的虚拟要把谓语动词变成should + 动词原形( should可省略)
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standard Board(IASB) do likewise.
This year,it was proposed that the system be changed.
长难句分析 长难句→简单句→简单句的核心 断开 简化 ❶标点 ❶定位谓语动词 ❷连接词 ❷去修饰找核心 ❸分析主谓
基本结构的长难句分析
断开长难句 先找从句先看主句
标点 标点两端连接的是句子
逗号
逗号可以用来断开句子,且必须有连接词
The idea is intuitively compelling,but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.
冒号
冒号连接后面的句子表达进一步的解释说明(冒号后一般不需要用连接词)
It's hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous :most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.
分号
分号表示并列关系 分号≈and
Moreover,average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail;wholesale demand from the food services sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often;and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consoldate.
连接词 ❶句子完整可断开 ❷句子不完整与前共享
开始: 并列连词:and、but、or (用来连接并列句) 从属连词:because、if、while、although、as (用来引导状语从句) 关系词:that、how、wh-(what、who、whom、which、whose、when、where、why、whether)
从句结束于标点
One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,however,is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.
从句结束于下一个连接词
But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.
从句结束于第二个谓语动词前
The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.
分析主谓
主谓主谓,则后面的为从句
The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,...
In those far-off days,it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.
主主谓谓,则中间的为从句
When the court deals with social policy decisions,the law it shapes is inescapably political...
The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.
考场攻略:通过连接词断开长难句至关重要,尤其要注意从句结束于哪三个位置重点掌握, 而通过标点和分析主谓来断开长难句基本会用即可。 1 断开长难句只看谓语动词,不考虑非谓语动词。 2 先找从句,但先看主句。
简化长难句
① 定位谓语动词(断成多个简单句) ② 去修饰找核心 核心:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补语 非核心:形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、同位语、插入语
The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.
During the late 1990s,national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds -- including government,higher education,non-profit and corporate -- varied from around 4% to 25%;...
【补充】去掉非核心的扩展成分时,一定要注意其完整性: 介词短语是非核心成分,但不能只去掉介词,要把它后面接的宾语(名词、代词、动名词 doing )一起去掉 。 非谓语动词也是非核心成分,可以去掉,但如果是及物动词就要把后接的宾语去掉,如果有修饰词也要一起去掉。
考点攻略:两步分析法。 1 断开 2 简化
特殊结构的长难句分析
分裂结构
插入式的分裂结构
同位语、插入语
同位语是对前面名词的补充(解释说明前面的名词),插入语是与前后都无关的插入信息。他们都是后插入的补充信息,造成了分裂结构,直接去掉就可以了。
Bob Liodice,the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers,says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences.
Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.
状语从句
状语从句是对主句的补充,表示描述性的信息,通常有三种位置:主句前,主句后,主句中。当状语从句位于主句中间时,会造成分裂结构。状语从句表示描述性的信息,不能像同位语或插入语那样直接去掉,所以要把插入的状语从句,移到句子最后或最前,先把被分裂的主句还原成连贯的句子。
A sacred place of peace,however crude it may be,is a distinctly human need...
Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and,if its stability depends on its integrity,they are entitled to continuance.
从句后移式的分裂结构
有时从句过长,主句过短,为了避免意思表达的不连贯,因此把长的从句后移,保证主句的连贯性,遇到这种情况时,只要把后移的从句还原到原本的位置,再分析即可。
Contrary to the descriptions on record,no systematic evidence was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.
But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC) reviews the company′s application,it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.
考场攻略:解决分裂结构的关键是还原成连贯
嵌套结构
It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting affected workers' productivity.
The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.
考场攻略:解决嵌套结构的关键是分层次 ❶正常断开长短句 ❷按层次逐层看懂句意
平行结构 此行相同或形式一致
名词(词组)的平行并列
The English,the Germans,the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony.
动词的平行结构:谓语动词、非谓语动词
All theories,however,are tentative and are subject to criticism.
The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might.
介词短语的平行并列
...he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.
So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge,but also over the production of producers of knowledge.
句子的平行并列
According to accounts of the experiments,their hourly output rose when lighting was increased,but also when it was dimmed.
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
考场攻略:解决平行结构的关键是理清多个并列 ❶找到并列连词 ❷往后看 确定平行并列的成分是什么词性或形式 ❸往前找 找到相同的词性或一致的形式
英语语法
简单句
简单句的核心
核心构成
主语+ 谓语动词v.+ ? 一主一谓、一一搭配
谓语v.有实义
不及物动词vi.
不及物动词就是,主语能够自己独立完成这个动作。
主谓
主语+vi.
Everybody else loses
及物动词vt.
主谓宾
主语+vt.+宾语
Everybody loves a fat payrise
主谓双宾
主语+vt.+两个宾语
人+物
They gave justices permanent-positions
物+人
物to人(表方向)
They gave permanent positions to justices
物for人(表目的)
主谓宾补
主语+vt.+宾语+宾补
You always keep your eyes open
谓语动词v.无实义
主系表
主语+(连)系动词+表语
This is a dangerous game
考场攻略: ❶简化句子——不及物动词 ❷找到分裂结构——及物动词 ❸判断从句 及物动词后——宾语从句 系动词后——表语从句
简单句的核心变化
谓语动词的变化
时态 时间+状态
一般时态
①一般过去时:表示完全发生在过去的事,现在已经不再那样。 ②一般现在时:表示现在的状态或者是经常性习惯性发生的事。 ③一般将来时:表示现在的之后。 ④(一般)过去将来时:过去的之后,通常与上下文的一般过去时搭配,表示在其之后发生的事。
进行时态 be doing
①过去进行时 ②现在进行时 ③将来进行时×
完成时态 have done 时间段
阶段性总结 ①过去完成时:过去的之前。 ②现在完成时:现在的之前。★ ③将来完成时:将来的之前。×
1。“过去完成时”发生在先,而“一般过去时”发生在后。 【补充】过去完成时表达“过去的之前”,时间段,从“过去的之前”到“过去”。 2。【补充】现在完成时表达“现在的之前”,时间段,从“现在的之前”到“现在”,即“从过去到现在”。在“ have / has ”和“ done ”中间常常夹着一些副词强调“之前”这一含义。例如: already “已经”、 just “刚刚”、 ever “曾经”、 never “从不”。还可以加人其他副词,例如: also “也”、 nearly “几乎”、 long “长期地”等。如下: 例: Most leading retailers have already tried e - commerce , with limited success , and expansion abroad . 例: Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money . 例: Families have also experienced changes these years . 【补充】现在完成时与一般过去时的区别: 从宏观上来讲,两者涉及的时间不同 一般过去时只表示“过去”, 现在完成时表示的是“从过去到现在”这一时间段。例如: …the response has been favorable .…表示“从过去到现在”反应一直是赞同的。 …the response was favorable …则只表示“过去”反应是赞同的,而“现在”已经不再那样了。 从微观上来讲,可以把现在完成时的两种用法分别跟一般过去时进行比较: ①现在完成时的“全部完成” VS .一般过去时(可互换使用,但强调不同) 既然现在全部都完成了,就说明事情发生在过去,因此可以换成一般过去时。 但两者表达同一件过去的事情时,强调的角度有所不同。 现在完成时强调站在现在这个角度看过去的事情,虽然事情做完了,但影响持续到现在,通常会在上下文中体现出对现在的影响。 例如: He has left , so I cannot find him now .他已经离开了(事情做完了),所以我现在找不到他,强调对现在有影响。 一般过去时强调站在过去的角度看过去的事,通常会搭配出现过去的时间。 例如: He left two hours ago .句中出现了 two hours ago (两个小时前),强调过去的时间。 ②现在完成时的“部分完成” VS .一般过去时(不能互换使用) 如果是只做完了一部分,没有全部做完,则说明现在还在做,就不能换成一般过去时。 因为一般过去时表示完全发生在过去的事,现在已经不再那样,意思不同,所以不能互换。 例如: We have learned English for 15 years .我们从过去到现在学了15年英语。(现在还在学) We learned English for 15 years .我们过去学了15年英语。(现在不学了)
完成进行时态 have been doing 强调过程
①现在完成进行时 ②过去× ③将来×
内容小结: 1。时态=事情发生的“时间”+“状态”,通过谓语动词的变化来体现。 注意:每一个谓语动词都一定有时态示因此很重要。 2。时态共十六种(如下图):其中背景为蓝色的八种为考研重点,画叉的三种完全不需要会,其余简单了解。 3。学习时态要分成两个维度一时间和状态,重点学习“状态”的维度,共分四种:一般、进行、完成、完成进行。 4。注意:不管表达时态的谓语动词的单词有几个,都算作一个整体,即一个谓语动词。
情态 情绪+状态
情态动词
❶情态动词+动词原形 ❷过去 现在(两种时态) ❸无三单 ❹否定——+not 疑问——提前
could/would/should/might两种用法: ①表示相应的过去时。 ②表示现在的一种更委婉和客气的语气。
情态动词表示情态
情态动词表示推测
可能性最高must “肯定、一定” 可能性最低can′t/couldn′t“不可能” can/could will/would may/might
The details may be unknowable
情态动词+do 情态动词+ have done"针对之前的事情表达情态或推测" 情态动词+ be doing"针对正在进行的事情表达情态或推测" (have to不得不,ought to应该 )
Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.
情态动词还可用于虚拟
内容小结: 1 情态动词的用法主要有两种:一是表达“情绪和态度”;二是表达“推测”。 2 考研常用的情态动词: must , can , could , will , would , should , may , might 。 3 注意:“情态动词+动词原形”算作一个整体,即一个谓语动词。
语态
主动语态:主语与谓语动词的动作发出者,主动关系
被动语态:主语与谓语动词的动作承受者,被动关系
被动语态的构成
补充:如果强调被动的动作发出者,即强调“被谁做”,可以在被动后加上“by+动作的发出者”。
被动语态与时态相结合
【补充】主动和被动的句子中,表现时态的用词不同。在主动语态的句子中,要把“谓语动词”变为各种时态; 被动语态的句子中,表现时态变化的不是动作所对应的动词,而是把“ be ”变成对应的各种时态。
被动语态与情态相结合
must be/can be/will be/may be等
Those first few days should be spent looking for work. 情态动词+ be done(be 用原形,情态动词后要用动词原形。)
内容小结: 1 被动语态表示主语和谓语动词之间是被动的关系(主语是谓语动词的动作承受者)。 2 被动语态的构成为“ be + done ”,其中 done 表达被动的动作, be 表达被动的时间和主语的单复数。 3 考研真题中经常考查被动语态与时态和情态的结合。 4 注意:不管是和时态还是情态相结合,被动语态跟它们永远作为一个整体,即算个谓语动词。
否定
实义动词变否定
助动词 do/does/did+not+动词原形
American professors did not possess one.
助动词和情态动词否定
助动词和情态动词+not
With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with human.
如果一个谓语动词中包含多个助动词或情态动词,否定加在第一个后。 注意:谓语动词变否定后,无论变成几个动词,仍然视作一个整体, 即作为一个谓语动词。
Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not beingcheated . 此句中,谓语动词是现在进行时的被动语态 is being cheated ,其中包含了两个助动词 is 和 being ,变否定时, not 要加在第一个助动词后,因此变为 is not being cheated 。
强调
助动词do/does/did + 动词原形
Although the figure may vary,analysts do agree on another matter.
考点攻略: 谓语动词的三态变化(时态 情态 语态)重点掌握。 谓动词无论怎么变化都视为整体,算一个谓语动词。 ❶抓住谓语动词,就是抓住句子最核心的表述动作或内容 ❷定位谓动词,准确找到主语 ❸定位谓语动词,确定长难句中包含了几件事
主语、宾语、表语的变化
名词、代词作主宾表
The process is natural selection .
非谓语动词doing作主宾
非谓语动词doing作主语 (位于句首)
不及物动词doing作主语(系动词三单形式)
... laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness.
及物动词doing sth/sb 作主语
Broadcasting his ambition was "very much my descision"...
加入形容词、副词、介词短语修饰doing sth/sb作主语
Merely expanding the orchestra's repertoive will not be enough.
【补充】 1 doing 作主语,谓语动词用单数。除非有多个 doing 并列,用复数。 2 doing作成分时不一定只有一个词,如果是及物动词的话,要后接宾语,因此词组“ doing sth ./ sb .”会作为一个整体出现,来作主语、宾语等成分。有时还会有其他修饰限定的成分(形容词、副词、介词等)伴随 doing。
非谓语动词doing作宾语
Americans stoped taking prosperity for granted.
宾语成分一般有两种位置:动宾或介宾(即位于及物动词后或者介词后),因此doing作宾语,也有这两种位置。
非谓语动词to do作主宾表
非谓语动词to do作主语 (常位于句尾,首句用it形式主语)
... to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.
后置用法 it作形式主语
It is painful to read these round about accounts today .
to do和doing做主语时,意思差别不大,可以互换。
补充: 1 单复数同上。 2 主系表结构中,主语和表语都可以用非谓语动词doing或to do,使用时要前后保持一致。 (及主语和表语同时都用doing或同时都用to do) 3 to do做成分时不一定只有两个词,如果是及物动词的话,后要介宾语,因此"to do sth./sb."会作为一个整体出现,来做主 宾 表等成分。有时还会出现其他修饰限定的成分(形容词 副词 介词等)伴随不定式。
非谓语动词to do作宾语 (只能位于及物动词后)
Fortunately,the White House is starting to pay attention.
主谓宾补后置用法
The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals .
to do 作宾语,只位于及物动词后,不能位于介词后(介词后要用 doing )。 但及物动词后究竟用 doing 还是 to do 作宾语,主要是由及物动词来决定,取决于它的习惯搭配 【补充】 to do 作宾语还可以后置,而形式宾语也用 it 。但后置的条件除了真正的宾语 to do 比较长之外,还有一个条件就是要在主谓宾补的句型中(因为如果是在主谓宾的句型中,即使宾语再长,它也已经是最后一个成分,不需要再后置)。
非谓语动词to do作表语 (主要位于系动词后,通常是be动词之后)
The trick is to direct these funds better.
并列多个主宾表
表语不仅可以由名词或者相当于名词的成分(代词或非谓语动词)来充当,同时也可以用形容词或介词短语等来充当。如果并列连词相同,只在最后一个对象前加上并列的连词,其余用逗号代替。如果并列连词不同,且并列多个对象时,则不能省略。
并列连词分为两类
从句
考场攻略:看懂复杂多变的主宾表 ❶定位谓语动词 ❷找到谓语动词前面的主语和后面的宾语或表语 ❸找到完整的doing 和to do整体词组
简单句的扩展
词性角度
限定词
用于限定名词,包括冠词(a,an,the)、数词、名词所有格 限定词可以同时出现多个放在名词前,名词也可以修饰名词,起到修饰限定的作用。
The roughly 20 million in habitants of these nations looked hopefully to the future.
形容词、副词
形容词、副词作修饰成分
形容词修饰名词
作定语——修饰名词,位于名词前后
The idea seems promising ,and Rosenbery is a perceptive observer.
做表语 ——补充说明主语(主语通常为名词),位于系动词后
It's a stunning move
副词修饰动词
Such bodily reaction might conceivably help moderate the effects of psychological stress
副词修饰句子
Similary ,the physical act of laughter could improve mood.
副词修饰形容词和它副词
The tourist steams are not entirely separate.
形容词、副词的三种比较级别
原级
as + adj/adv原形(比较的内容) + as + 比较的对象 和 ... 相比一样的 ...
Few people are as fertile as in the past.
比较级
adj/adv比较(比较的内容) + (than 比较的对象) (和 ... 相比) 更 ... 通常用作两者之间的比较
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were ,and so less sensitive to swing in the oil price.
最高级
adj/adv最高级) + (介词短语表示比较的范围) (... 范围内) 最 ... 通常用于三者或三者以上的比较
Some of the biggest developments will be in medicin e...
介词短语 (句子的非核心成分)
表示时间的介词
Since the days of Aristotle,a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise.
Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death .
For years ,executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule.
表示地点的介词
Behind the scenes , they have been taking aim at someone else:the accounting standard-setters.
The link between dreams and emotions show up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic.
其他用法的介词
They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.
Despite these factors ,many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems.
It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.
考场攻略:去扩展修饰,找核心
成分的拓展
非谓语动词作定语、状语
非谓语动词
1.不作谓语的动词 2.主语+谓语+非谓语 3.doing/done/to do(单独出现) doing 表示主动、done 表示被动、to do表示目
非谓语动词作定语
修饰限定名词,逻辑主语为名词
It also raises questions concerning "values".
非谓语动词修饰名词作定语,通常翻译到名词前,译成“…的…”。
非谓语动词作状语
修饰限定句子,逻辑主语为句子主语
Enraged by Entergy′s behavior ,the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.
非谓语动词修饰句子作状语时①通常可以翻译成独立的一句。②为了更加明确的表达补充的是什么内容,可以在非谓语动词前加上从属连词,突出表达和句间的逻辑关系。
考场攻略: ❶非谓语动词词组的完整性 ❷准确找到非谓语动词所修饰的对象 方法一 非谓语动词的位置(就近原则) 方法二 与句子间是否有逗号隔开 方法三 代入法(to do类),把前后的名词或句子主语分别带入到非谓语,看意思是否合适。 ❸非谓语动词的去留 非谓语动词作主语、宾语、表语(通常位于谓语动词前后)时要保留; 非谓语动词作定语、状语(通常位于名词或整个句子前后,只是修饰名词或句子的成分)时可以先去掉。
同位语插入语
同位语
解释说明前面名词(同一件事)
Its current leader, Ed Miliband ,owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.
放在所解释的名词后(句中、句尾皆可)
词,词组,句子都可以作同位语
不是句子的核心信息
标志性标点:逗号 破折号 冒号
插入语
主谓结构作插入语,表示某人说,某人认为
No one, he submits ,could have written it without processing some power of reasoning.
副词作插入语
These facts, however ,have previously been thought unrelated.
介词短语作插入语
Justice Antonin Scalia, for example ,appeared at political event.
后来插入句子中间的成分,造成分裂结构。 表示补充说明的内容。 句子的非核心成分。 通常插入与两端有成对的括号、逗号、破折号(有时没有)。
考场攻略: ❶找到谓语动词,确定是否为简单句(一件事) ❷去修饰,找核心 ❸找到句子的核心
长难句
并列句 多个简单句+并列连词 多件事一样重要
并列句的构成
表示顺接的并列连词
The finanical fallout has begun,and the politied fallout may not be far behind.
表示转折的并列连词 转折之后的结论更重要
Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low rate of interest,but loans of this kind are not frequently obtainable.
表示选择的并列连词
Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments,or it simply didn't foresee what would happed next.
表示因果的并列连词
Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite,so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite.
只能放在两个句子中间
重点研究前后连接句子并列连词。
并列句的省略
并列句独有特点:相同的主语可以省略,余下的部分保持不变
The program keeps track of your progress and provides detailed feedback on your performance and improvement.
复合句 主句+从句
名词性从句 从句在整个句子中充当着名词的角色
宾语从句 连接词+陈述句
宾语从句的含义
一个句子作宾语,放在另一个句子(主句)中。
宾语从句的写法
陈述句变宾语从句
前加that(that不作成分,可省略),建议都加上
Dr.Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative.
特殊疑问句变宾语从句
调整语序,主语提前
We suddenly can't remember where we put the keys just a moment ago.
一般疑问句变宾语从句
先调整语序,再加连接词if/whether (if有时不能使用,例如:主语从句中)
I don't know if other clients are going to abandon me,too.
共同点
① 从句都是陈述句语气 ② 从句前都有连接词 ③ 从句缺什么连接词加什么
宾语从句的位置
三种位置
动宾
动单宾
动单宾:及物动词+从句
...scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate according to mental effort.
动双宾
动双宾:及物动词+人+从句
...users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.
介宾
介词+宾语从句
...those differences are swamped by how well each person "encodes" the information.
形宾
形容词+(介词+)宾语从句
...he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.
非谓语动词+从句
doing + 从句
Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis,suggesting that the structures of languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.
to do + 从句
You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.
多个宾语从句
To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.
宾语从句后置,it形式宾语
条件: 1、长宾语 2、主谓宾补的句式
That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisious will be accepted as impartial judgments.
表语从句 连接词+陈述句 that不能省略
表语从句的含义
一个句子作表语,放到另一个句子(主句)中。
表语从句的写法
表语从句的位置
位于系动词后(通常是be)
For Williams,these activities become what he calls "electronic morphine".
非谓语动词+表语从句
Human nature being what it is,most people stick with default settings.
主语从句 that不作成分,不可省略,表达是否能用whether
主语从句的含义
一个句子做主语,放到另一个句子(主句)中。
主语从句的写法
主语从句的位置
位于句首,谓语动词之前
What is needed is a technology of behavior.
位于句尾,it作形式主语
It did not matter what was done in the experiment.
考研模板
It is done + 主语从句(表达人们对一件事的观点看法)
This year,it was proposed that the system be changed.
It is + adj./n.+主语从句(表达对一件事的评价)
… It is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized.
同位语从句 抽象n.+that+陈述句
同位语从句的含义
一个句子作同位语,放到另一个句子(主句)中。同位语从句的作用是解释说明一个抽象名词。
同位语从句的写法
同位语从句的位置
位于抽象名词后 idea opinion view fact evidence question doubt reason demand theory belief possibility chance contention guarantee 想法 观点 观点 事实 证据 问题 怀疑 理由 需求 理论 信念 可能性 机会 看法,观点 担保
Part of the fame of Allen′s book is its contention that "circumstances do not make a person,they reveal him"
定语从句 主句 + 先行词n. + 关系词 + 陈述句 (成分)关系词=先行词
定语从句的含义
1 一个句子作定语,修饰限定名词,位置在所修饰名词后。 2 定语从句所修饰的名词称为先行词,引出定语从句的词称为关系词 3 定语从句中的关系词有两个作用: 一是引导,引导定语从句,连接从句和先行词; 二是代替关系词,在定语从句中充当成分代替从句中跟先行词一样的成分。 (关系词=先行词)
定语从句的写法
和名词性从句差不多,定语从句的写法是“关系词+陈述句”关键在于关系词的选择问题。类比名词性从句,可以推测出:关系词的选择就看后面的陈述句中缺什么成分。定语从句中后面的陈述句缺少的成分,是由关系词来充当的,而关系词替代的成分又跟先行词相同,所以定语从句关系词的选择,就是四个字—看先行词。 如果先行词是事/物,那就选择物对应的关系词 which / that ;如果是人,那就选择人对应的 who / whom / that ,依此类推,如下:
先行词为事/物,关系词选择which/that
Furthermore,the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists
先行词为人,关系词选择who/whom/that(whom指人仅能作宾语)
Most archaeological sites,however,are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them.
先行词为人/物,表示人或物的所有格关系,关系词选择whose
On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference,at some basic level,seems to be the natural world.
先行词为时间,关系词选择when
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.
先行词为地点,关系词选择where
In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.
先行词为原因,关系词选择why
The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business.
定语从句关系词 注意事项
定语从句的关系词每一个都必须作成分,包括that(既指人也指物)
whom指人,只能在作宾语时使用; who和that指人,可以做任何成分。
when/where/why 引导定语从句时,前面的先行词必须与之匹配
关系词在定语从句中作宾语时(及物动词和宾语或介词后的宾语),都可以省略
These rules say they must value some assets at the price (that/which) a third party would pay.
特殊关系词 whereby 凭借,通过= by which 前跟“方式”“方法”等词method。
The definition also excludes the majority of teachers,despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.
定语从句的分类
If it is trying to upset Google,which relies almost wholly on advertising,it has chosen an indirect method.
This trend,which we believe is still in its infancy,effectively began with retailer and travel providers such as airline and hotels.
定语从句的补充
限定性定语从句与同位语从句的区别
共同点
n + 从句
不同点
One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.
特殊的非限定定语从句(修饰前面整句话)
关系词仅能使用which从句(位于主句后) as从句(位于主句前,中,后)
Most fisheries are well below that,which is a bad way to do bussiness.
介词提前的定语从句
如果介词提前那么关系代词则不能省略,不能用that, 指人“介词+whom”; 指物“介词+which”.
除了限定性定语从句之外,非限定性定语从句也可以把介词提前。
Grade forgiveness allows students to retake acourse which they received a low grade in…
Grade forgiveness allows students to retake acourse in which they received a low grade…
状语从句 主句 + 从属连词 + 完整的陈述句 从属连词不作成分,只表示逻辑关系
状语从句的含义
一个句子作状语,表达“描述性的信息”(描述时间,地点等),补充说明另一个句子(主语)
状语从句的写法
状语从句的位置
As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaderes.
Opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders,as the economy picks up.
Opportunities,as the economy picks up,will abound for aspiring leaders.
状语从句的分类
时间状语从句
从属连词:when、while、as、before、after、since、until、as soon as、by the time
地点状语从句
从属连词:where 在…地方
原因状语从句
从属连词:because、since、as、now that(因为现在)
结果状语从句
从属连词: such + n + that so + adj/adv + that (太...所以) so that (所以)
目的状语从句
从属连词: so that + 情态动词 in order that
条件状语从句
从属连词:if、unless、as long as、once
让步状语从句 明让步,暗转折
尽管...(但是)... 从属连词:although、though、even though、even if、while
比较状语从句
从属连词:than、as...as...
方式状语从句
从属连词:as、as if
as作为从属连词,引导状语从句 (as后引导的是完整句子,一定是状语从句)
特殊句式
倒装 主谓倒装,主语和谓语动词顺序颠倒
全部倒装 谓语动词全部置于主语前
There be + n :“有…”,表达客观存在
There is no gap between mind and matter
There be + n + 介词短语(地点/方位) : “有…在哪里”(介词短语表示位置)
There may be more matches in the database
There be句型:还可以把be变成不同的时态,表示不同时间的“有”。 be还可以结合情态,表示不同情态下的“有”或推测“可能有”。
部分倒装 一个陈述句变一般疑问句
否定副词或词组位于句首
Not only did they develop such a device but by the trun of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a world wide system.
Only 位于句首(句子要部分倒装,only后可以是词、词组或句子。)
Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own.
虚拟条件句省略if(从句部分倒装,主句不变。)
But had Entergy kept its word,that debate would be beside the point.
强调
强调句的构成 It is + 强调的部分 + that + 句子余下的部分 不能强调形容词和动词
It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony.
强调句不仅可以强调词或词组,也可以强调从句。
强调句的变化
It is/was + 强调的部分 + that/who + 句子余下的部分 (is强调现在的事,was强调过去的事)
It is they,not America,who have become anti-intellectual.
It was not until the 19th centry that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium.
无论强调的是什么成分都可以用,that; 如果强调的成分是人,可以who。
it is…that…不一定是强调句,也有可能是主语从句后置。
一是根据强调句的构成原理,如果去掉“ it is …. that …”,余下部分可还原成一个完整的句子,即为强调句;反之余下的部分不能还原成完整的句子则不是强调句,为主语从句(后置)。
二是如果发现“ it is …. that .”中间是形容词或动词,则该句为主语从句,因为强调句不能强调形容词或动词。
强调句和主语从句的区别
1、还原,去掉"it is ... that ...",余下的部分可以还原成一个完整的句子为强调,反之为主语从句。 2、"it is ... that ..."中间为形容词或动词,则为主语从句。
虚拟 (看懂即可)
虚拟的概述
什么是虚拟?
虚拟既非真实 ① 与真实情况不符 ② 可能性没有或很小
如何使用虚拟?
虚拟是谓语动词的一种特殊变化,通过改变谓语动词的时态,可以表达虚拟。
虚拟用在哪里?
主要考查:if虚拟条件句 、名词性从句的虚拟
if虚拟条件句(想要看懂将其翻译成中文) ❶从句往前推(表达虚拟时,把从句往前推一个时态。) ❷主句4+1(4个情态动词任选一个+与从句对应的主句形式) ❸将来同现在(假设将来事情的虚拟可以和假设现在的形式完全相同。)
If he had played last season,however,he would have been one of 42.
If circumstances always determind the lift and prospects of people,then humanity would never have progressed.
名词性从句的虚拟
只要主句中出现表示”建议、命令、要求”的词(无论词性是什么)名词性从句都需要虚拟, 从句的虚拟要把谓语动词变成should + 动词原形( should可省略)
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standard Board(IASB) do likewise.
This year,it was proposed that the system be changed.
长难句分析 长难句→简单句→简单句的核心 断开 简化 ❶标点 ❶定位谓语动词 ❷连接词 ❷去修饰找核心 ❸分析主谓
基本结构的长难句分析
断开长难句 先找从句先看主句
标点 标点两端连接的是句子
逗号
逗号可以用来断开句子,且必须有连接词
The idea is intuitively compelling,but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.
冒号
冒号连接后面的句子表达进一步的解释说明(冒号后一般不需要用连接词)
It's hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous :most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.
分号
分号表示并列关系 分号≈and
Moreover,average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail;wholesale demand from the food services sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often;and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consoldate.
连接词 ❶句子完整可断开 ❷句子不完整与前共享
开始: 并列连词:and、but、or (用来连接并列句) 从属连词:because、if、while、although、as (用来引导状语从句) 关系词:that、how、wh-(what、who、whom、which、whose、when、where、why、whether)
从句结束于标点
One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,however,is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.
从句结束于下一个连接词
But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.
从句结束于第二个谓语动词前
The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.
分析主谓
主谓主谓,则后面的为从句
The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,...
In those far-off days,it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.
主主谓谓,则中间的为从句
When the court deals with social policy decisions,the law it shapes is inescapably political...
The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.
考场攻略:通过连接词断开长难句至关重要,尤其要注意从句结束于哪三个位置重点掌握, 而通过标点和分析主谓来断开长难句基本会用即可。 1 断开长难句只看谓语动词,不考虑非谓语动词。 2 先找从句,但先看主句。
简化长难句
① 定位谓语动词(断成多个简单句) ② 去修饰找核心 核心:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补语 非核心:形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、同位语、插入语
The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.
During the late 1990s,national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds -- including government,higher education,non-profit and corporate -- varied from around 4% to 25%;...
【补充】去掉非核心的扩展成分时,一定要注意其完整性: 介词短语是非核心成分,但不能只去掉介词,要把它后面接的宾语(名词、代词、动名词 doing )一起去掉 。 非谓语动词也是非核心成分,可以去掉,但如果是及物动词就要把后接的宾语去掉,如果有修饰词也要一起去掉。
考点攻略:两步分析法。 1 断开 2 简化
特殊结构的长难句分析
分裂结构
插入式的分裂结构
同位语、插入语
同位语是对前面名词的补充(解释说明前面的名词),插入语是与前后都无关的插入信息。他们都是后插入的补充信息,造成了分裂结构,直接去掉就可以了。
Bob Liodice,the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers,says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences.
Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.
状语从句
状语从句是对主句的补充,表示描述性的信息,通常有三种位置:主句前,主句后,主句中。当状语从句位于主句中间时,会造成分裂结构。状语从句表示描述性的信息,不能像同位语或插入语那样直接去掉,所以要把插入的状语从句,移到句子最后或最前,先把被分裂的主句还原成连贯的句子。
A sacred place of peace,however crude it may be,is a distinctly human need...
Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and,if its stability depends on its integrity,they are entitled to continuance.
从句后移式的分裂结构
有时从句过长,主句过短,为了避免意思表达的不连贯,因此把长的从句后移,保证主句的连贯性,遇到这种情况时,只要把后移的从句还原到原本的位置,再分析即可。
Contrary to the descriptions on record,no systematic evidence was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.
But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC) reviews the company′s application,it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.
考场攻略:解决分裂结构的关键是还原成连贯
嵌套结构
It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting affected workers' productivity.
The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.
考场攻略:解决嵌套结构的关键是分层次 ❶正常断开长短句 ❷按层次逐层看懂句意
平行结构 此行相同或形式一致
名词(词组)的平行并列
The English,the Germans,the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony.
动词的平行结构:谓语动词、非谓语动词
All theories,however,are tentative and are subject to criticism.
The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might.
介词短语的平行并列
...he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.
So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge,but also over the production of producers of knowledge.
句子的平行并列
According to accounts of the experiments,their hourly output rose when lighting was increased,but also when it was dimmed.
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
考场攻略:解决平行结构的关键是理清多个并列 ❶找到并列连词 ❷往后看 确定平行并列的成分是什么词性或形式 ❸往前找 找到相同的词性或一致的形式