Introduction

英语，Linguistic：The scientific study of language；Language：Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication .

Introduction

• Linguistic
  • Definition
    • The scientific study of language
  • The scope
    • Phonetics
      • The study of sounds used in linguistic communication.
    • Phonology
      • Another branch of study related in communication.
    • Morphology
      • The branch of the study of these symbols are arranged and combined to form words .
    • Syntax
      • The mayor branch(the study of rules for governing sentences in language ）of linguistic studies.
    • Semantics
      • The study of conveying meaning.
    • Pragmatics
      • Language communication occur in a context.
    • Sociolinguistic
      • The studies of all these social aspects of language and its relation with social .
    • Psycholinguistic
      • The study of language to psychology.
    • Applied linguistic
      • The study of linguistic studies can often be applied to the recovery of speech ability.
      • Narrow sense:The application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching.
  • Some important distinction
    • Prescriptive vs. descriptive
      • Prescriptive: To tell people what they should say and what they should not say.
      • Descriptive: A linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.
    • Synchronic vs. diachronic
      • Synchronic: The description of a language at some point of time in history .
      • Diachronic: The description of a language as it changes through time.
    • Speech and Writing
      • Speech is the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue.
      • Writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school.
    • Langue and parole
      • Langue: The abstract linguistics system shared by all the members of a speech community .
      • Parole: The realization of langue in actual use.
    • Competence and performence
      • Competence: The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
      • Performance is related to social and psychological factors.
    • Traditional grammar and modern linguistics
      • The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the year .
      • Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary.
• Language
  • Definition
    • Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication .
  • Design features of language
    • Arbitrariness: There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
    • Productivity: It makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its user and is unique to human language.
    • Duality: It is a system, which consist of two sets of structures, or two levers.
    • Displacement： Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.
    • Cultural transmission : It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning
  • Three main function
    • The descriptive function
      • To convey factual information, which can be assert or denied.
    • The expressive function
      • The emotive or attitudinal function
    • The social function
      • The interpersonal function
  • Six basic function
    • Addresser—Emotive
      • express one’s attitude
    • Addressee—Conative
      • one’s ways of thinking
    • Context—Referential
      • convey a message or information
    • Message—poetic
      • displaying the beauty of language itself
    • Contact—Phatic communion
      • Trying to establish a good relationship with the addressee.
    • Code—Metalinguistic
      • Using language to make clear the meaning of language itself .
  • The function of child language
    • The ideational : it is to organize the speaker or writer’s experience of the real or imaginary world.
    • The interpersonal: it is to indicate,establish,or maintain social relationships between people.
    • The textual: it is to organize written or spoken texts.