导图社区 英国历史
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英国历史
从最早的定居者到伊丽莎白二世，你可以跟随英国历代君主看到英国的完整历史。
编辑于2021-01-18 20:12:17- 英国历史
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British History
Early English History
①Earliest Settlers(最早的定居者)：Iberians(伊比利亚人) from Spain in 3000B.C. in the New Stone Age(新石器时代)；Stonehenge （巨石阵）
②Celts(凯尔特人) from France, Belgium in 700 B.C. Ancestors of Scottish/ Welsh/ Irish
③Roman Conquest(43A.D-410 A.D)
A. In 55 B.C, Julius Caesar (裘力斯.凯撒) invaded Britain, but failed
B. In 43 A.D, Claudis (克劳迪亚斯) conquered Britain, England became a Roman Provice, namely Roman Britain(罗马帝国不列颠行省). Roman built London, York（约克郡）, Bath(巴斯)
C. In A.D 122-128, Romans built "Hadrian's Wall" (哈德良长城)to keep out the Picts.
D. In A.D 142-154, Romans built "Antonine's wall" .
E. In A.d 2oo, the introduction of Christianity to Britain.
D. In 410, Romans withdrew from Britain
F. Scotland was not conquered by Romans
G. Original Celts in Scotland were called "Picts(皮克特人)" by Romans, because of “painted faces”
④Anglo-Saxon InvasionAD.449-1066
A. Since 449, Jutes, Anglos, Saxons- three Germanic tribes from Germany and Denmark invaded Britain. They drove Celts to Scotland, Ireland, Wales
B. Anglo-Saxon- Jutes: Ancestor of English
C. Old English(古英语)：Anglo-Saxon language, ancient Germanic language
⑤Heptarch七国时代
A. Jutes-Anglo-Saxon set up seven small kingdoms,called "Heptarch"
a. Jutes: Kent
b. Anglos: Northumbria, East anglis, Mercia
c. Saxon: Essex, Wessex, Sussex
B. In A.D 597, St. Augustine （圣奥古斯丁）arrived at Canterbury from Rome.
a. Roman Catholicism was established in England.英格兰皈依罗马天主教
b. He became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. 坎特伯雷大主教
c. Archbishop of Canterbury has been the spiritual leader of Britain.
C. Since 778, Vikings from Scandinavia invaded Britain. Vikings occupied North and East of England, called "Danelaw"(丹麦法区).
D. In A.D 871, King Alfred the Great to be the King of Wessex.
a. Father of English Navy 英国海军之父
b. First King of England
E. In A.D 876, Alifred defeated Vikings, untied England, and established House of Wessex(维塞克斯王朝)： the first English Dynasty.
⑥Norman Conquest 诺曼征服
A. In A.D 1042, Edward the Confessor inherit the crown.
B. In A.D 1066, William, Duke of Normandy invaded Britain and defeated English King Harold in Battle of Hastings(黑斯廷斯之战). William was crowned in Westminster as William I(William the Conqueror征服者威廉) of England.
C. Feudal system was estabished in England.
D. 14th-15th, Middle English中古英语: dropped inflection of Old English; assimilate vocabulary of French and Latin.
English Feudal Dynasty
①House of Noemandy诺曼底王朝A.D.1066-1154
A. WilliamⅠof the Conqueror
1. established feudalism in England
2. set up Grand Council 贵族议会，世界上第一个议会
3. In A.D 1081, built London Tower伦敦塔
4. In A.D 1086, compiled Domesday Book/Doomsday Book(末日审判书/《英国土地税负调查书》): first survey of English land and population
B. WillianⅡ the Rufus红胡子威廉
C. HenryⅠ
②House of Plantagenet金雀花王朝A.D.1154-1399
A. Henry Ⅱ
1. HenryⅠ的女儿Princess Matilda 与Count of Anjou 结合诞下Henry Ⅱ
2. Henry Ⅱ is the first king of Plantagenet, ruler of England and half of France
3. His titles: King of England/ Duke of Normandy/ Count of Anjou/ Duke of Aquitanie
4. Legal Reform, set up Royal Court, invented Common Law, as well as Jury System. Common Law overides private law of local noble's courts, common to whole nation; Common Law is unwritten law, case-made based on previous judgement and customs.
5. Political Reform, set up Freeman Militia, Magistrate, Sheriff; limited power of Church Court; conflict with Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, led to "Murder at Canterbury Cathedral" in 1170
B. Richard Ⅰ, Coeur de Lion 狮心王理查（the Lion Heart), the third son of Henry Ⅲ
1. Joined the Crusade to take the Holy City of Jerusalem(圣城耶路撒冷) from Islam.
2. symbol of Courage
C. King John, the Lackland无地王约翰，the forth son of Henry Ⅱ
1. Grant Charter大宪章: In A.D 1215, the barons forced King John to accept Baron's Charter/ Grand Charter/ Magna Carta; its significance: Grand Charter is the beginning of English liberty, democarcy and rule of law; Grand Charter limits King's Power, and is basis for Constitutional Monarchy; Grand Charter is part of British Unwritten Constitution.
D. Henry Ⅲ， son of King John
1. Provision of Oxford牛津条约: In A.D 1258, Henry Ⅲ refused to accept the Grand Charter, barons rebelled again to force Henry Ⅲ to accept Provision of Oxford.
2. Model Parliament（模范议会 the beginning of English Parliament): In 1265, Model Parliament was summomed in Westminster with 2 knights from each county and 2 burgesses from wach town; Model Parliament is the earlist form of modern English Parliament and model for all parliaments.
E. Edward Ⅰ,the long Shank长腿爱德华, son of Henry Ⅲ
1. united Wales as part of England 2. His son, Prince Edward became first “Prince of Wales ”
F. Edward Ⅱ
1. Edward Ⅱ, the Handsome美男子爱德华，son of Edward Ⅰ
G. Edward Ⅲ, son of Edward Ⅱ（1327-1377）
1. In A.D.1337-1453, in order to protect French Territory, Edward Ⅲ started Hndred Years' War.英法百年战争; Its significance: it is also a blessing to England, for it to form its own English National identity.民族身份；during and after the war, Middle English became national language; 2. Black Death黑死病(1348-1349): almost half of English died, reducing population from 4milliion to 2million; there was terrible lack of labor
H. Richard Ⅱ, grandson of Edward Ⅲ（1377-1399）
1. Great Peasants' Uprising英国农民大起义： In 1381, the peasants asked RichardⅡ to fulfill 3 requests: abolition of serfdom; free move to all markets; general pardon. Its significcance: the Uprising failed, but English Serfdom was soon demolished. 2. Enclosure Movement圈地运动：formed the earliest English capitalism.
③House of Lancaster(1399-1461)/House of York(1461-1485)兰开斯特王朝/约克王朝
War of Roses 玫瑰战争
siginificance: English feudalism received its death blow；English fedual nobles were much weakened；King's authority was also challenged；Almost all nobles with royal blood were exterminated, 3/4 ordinary nobles were killed in the war.
④House of Tudor 都铎王朝(1485-1603)
A. Henry Ⅶ
B. Henry Ⅷ，son of Henry Ⅶ
1. Religious Reformation宗教改革， established "Church of England"英国国教会， Superm Head of Church is monarch
C. Edward Ⅵ
D. Mary Ⅰ(Bloody Mary)
E. Elizabeth Ⅰ
1. Under the rule of Elizabeth, Britain became European super power, in 1587, Britain defeated Spanish Armada; under her rule, English Renaissance reached its peak.
⑤House of Stuart（1603-1714）斯图亚特王朝
A. James Ⅰ
B. Charles Ⅰ
1. Puritan Revolution清教徒革命（Civil War/Bourgeoisie Revolution），supporters of CharlesⅠwere landlords and nobles, mostly Catholics. Supporters of Parliament were ordinary people and capitalists, mostly Puritans.
2. Cromwell became Lord Protector of Commonwealth of England(1649-1660)克伦威尔成为“英吉利共和国”的护国公；He imposed a military dictatorship军事独裁 to protect the interest of English capitalists.
C. Charles Ⅱ
1. In 1660, Charles Ⅱ（son of Charles Ⅰ），restored the House of Stuart复辟
D. James Ⅱ
1. brother of Charles Ⅱ，continued to persue the"absolute power of Kings"
Capitalism
⑤House of Stuart（1603-1714）斯图亚特王朝
E. William Ⅲ and MaryⅡ
1. Glorious Revolution光荣革命：In 1688, Mary and William of Orange came from Holland to England as Joint Rulers, as this was a bloodless revolution, so it was called "Glorious Revolution "
2. Constitutional Monarchy君主立宪制：In 1689, William Ⅲ and Mary Ⅱ accepted "Bill of Rights", which guaranteed superme power of Parliament, limit of King's power,freedom and rights of people；It finally led to "Constitutional Monarchy"; King's power became"symbolic"; Parliament's power "superior"
F. Queen Ann
⑥House of Hanover(1714-1901)汉诺威王朝
A. George Ⅰ. Ⅱ. Ⅲ. Ⅳ., William Ⅳ
B. Victoria Age(1837-1901)
1.British Empire: 5 hundred million people and 33670 thousand square kilometers 2. Industrial Revolution: Britian finished industrial Revolution and became "Workshop of the World" 3. Critical Realism 4. Second Peak in British history
⑦House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha(1901-1917)萨克森-科堡-哥达王朝
⑧House of Windsor（1917-至今）温莎王朝
A. George Ⅴ B. Edward Ⅷ C. George Ⅵ D. Elizabeth Ⅱ