导图社区 British Literature
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British Literature
从中世纪到十八世纪理智时代的英国文学，第二部分我会稍后发布，不仅有代表作也有更细节的内容，皆可在这里看到。
编辑于2021-01-20 16:22:21- 相似推荐
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British Literature
Medieval Literature(约5世纪-1485)
A. Anglo-Saxon Period(The Old English): ①The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle盎格鲁撒克逊编年史: During the Anglo-Saxon period, literature began to flourish, King Alfred launched the project of compiling The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle； ②Beowulf《贝奥武甫》：Alliterative verse(有押韵的诗歌), epic, narrative poem, about a hero's life. It is the most important poem in Old English and it is the first major poem in European vernacular language.
B. The period of Norman Conquest(Middle English) ①Ballad民谣(folk literature for low class): Four-line in one stanza with the second and forth line rhymed. Words are simple, daily, popular: Robinhood罗宾汉 ②Romance传奇(Chivalvy literature for upper class：King Authur，the King of the Celts in the legend，and his round table knights）：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士和绿衣骑士 1) The qualities the knights were expected to have included courage, honour, courtesy, devotion to the weak and helpless and to the service of women. 2) Most of the English romances deal with three major theme: the Matter of Britain; the Matter of France; the Matter of Rome
C. The period of Geoffery Chaucer乔叟时代（不只是有乔叟，乔叟仅是一个代表）
1) Geoffery Chaucer（1343-1400）
a. the first one was buried in Westminster Abbey, hence the Poet's Corner诗人角. b. Main work: The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》 ①it is one of the landmarks of English literature perhaps the greatest work produced in Middle English. ②The struture of The Canterbury Tales is indebted to Boccaccio's Decameron(薄伽丘的《十日谈》) ③Heroic couplet(英雄双押韵)： a sequence of rhyming pairs of lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格) iambic pentameter(五音步): the most common form of English poetic meter: ten beats per line made up of 5 unstressed and 5 stressed syllables ④the function of the prologue of the Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷故事集引子的作用): it provides a framework for the tales and vividly sketches of medieval fingures of all classes and all walks of life from tradesman, doctor, lawyer, sailor, carpenter, nun, widow. So it supplies a miniature of society at Chaucer's time. c. Chaucer's contribution: ①Chaucer praised man's energy, intellect, wit and love of life ②He also exposed, satirised and lashed the evils of the time ③He was the first great poet to write in the English language and exerted great influence on making the dialect of London the standard for moedern English speech ④Chaucer is considered as the "father of English poetry"
2) John Wycliff威克里夫
The "Father of English prose". He translated the Bible into Middle English.
3) William Langland威廉朗格兰
Main works: a. The Vision of Piers, Plowman农夫皮亚斯之梦（题材：an allegory梦境预言）
The Renaissance Period(文艺复兴时期)
Humanism(人文主义)： People no longer looked upon themselves as living only for God and they prefered life on earth to life after death. Hence humanism, which reflected the outlook of the rising bourgeoise. The humanists expressed their admiration for human beauty and human achievement.
Renaissance writers
1) Thomas Moore托马斯.莫尔(1478-1535)
Main work: Utopia《乌托邦》
2) Edmund Spencer埃德蒙. 斯宾塞（1552-1599）
Main works: The Shepherds' Calender《牧羊人日历》 The Faerie Queen《仙后》
3) Francis Bacon弗朗西斯.培根（1561-1626）
a. Bacon was the founder f English materialist philosophy英国唯物主义哲学奠基人 b. Bacon proposed learning through practice.实践出真知。 c. His famouse essays: Of Studies《论学习》 / Of Beauty《论美德》 / Of Friendship《论友谊》 d. Famouse sentences in Of Studies ①Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。 ②Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them.匠人轻视读书，头脑简单的人仰慕读书，聪明的人使用读书。 ③Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.一些书要浅尝则止，别的书要囫囵吞枣，只有很少的书要细嚼慢咽。 ④Reading maketh a full man; conferencce a ready man; and writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人胸有成竹，书写使人精确。 ⑤Histories make men wise.读书使人明智。
4) Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗.马洛（1564-1593）
a. Features of his works: blank verse, mighty line无韵诗，宏大诗篇
b. Main works(three dramas): Tamburlaine 《 帖木儿大帝》 The Jews of Malta 《马尔它的犹太人》 Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士 》
His three dramas stand for the three desires of the rising capitalists. That is the desire for power, money, and knowledge
5) William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚（1564-1616）
Main works: a. The first period (1590-1600), chronicle histories and comedies Remeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 A Mid-Summer Night's Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》 The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》 As you Like It 《皆大欢喜》 Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》
Remeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 Shakespeare's earliest success in tragedy.
The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》 Main Characters: Portia鲍西亚 Shylock夏洛克 Antonio安东尼奥 Bassanio巴萨尼奥 daughters of Renaissance: Shakespeare portrayed a group of young women. Different from the traditional characters. They are beautiful, cultured, clever, brave, courteous, capable of dealing with emergency,dare to fight against destiny, trust nor in God or King but themselves. This is victory of humanist ideal.
b. The second period(1601-1608), four tragedies Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》 Othello 《奥赛罗》 king Lear 《李尔王》 Macbeth 《麦克白》
Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》 1) Soliloquy: a monologue in a drama used to give the audience information and to develop the speaker's character. It is typically a project of the speaker's inner thoughts, usually delivered while the speaker is alone on the stage and it is intended to present an illusion of unspoken reflection. 2) Reason for Hamlet's hesitation Hesitation is also one of human nature. Dread of sth unknown after death As a prince, he has his duty. He can't live only for his personal revenge, but the country and his people. On the other hand, killing his uncle may be easy. But what he wants is to explore the evils of his uncle, which is beyond him. Thus he is always melancholy. 3) Character analysis Hamlet is neither frail nor a thought sick dreamer. He is a humanist who is free from medieval prejudice and superstition. He loves the world rather than the heaven...He also has a firm belief in power over destiny. A King and a begger are all alone to him. He is an intellectual genius and a closer observer who can penetrate below the surface of things. His observation of this world is summed up: Denmark is a prison. So he is a man of genius, highly accomplished, educated, a man of profound perception and wit. Hamlet is a hero of Renaissance, his learning, wisdom, noble nature as well as his limitaton and tragedy all representative of the humanist at the turn of th century. So in a word, he is a humanist, genius, a scholar, a close observer, a solider and a hero.
c. The third period(1609-1612) Cymbeline 《辛白林》 The Winter's Tale 《冬天的故事》 The Tempest 《暴风雨》
Shakespeare's Sonnet
Sonnet 18: the Immortality of Art Famouse sentence: Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art move lovely and more temperate: ...... So long as a man can breathe, or eye can see. So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
6) Ben Johson(1572-1637)
a. Ben Johson was a poet, playwright and critic b. Main works: Every Man in His Humour 《人各有癖》（成名作） Volphone (or The Fox) 《伏尔蓬尼》/《狐狸》(best known plays) Alchemist 《炼金术士》(best known plays) To Celia 《致西莉亚》（a love poem）
The period of Revolution and Restoration(1603-1688)宗教改革和王朝复辟时期（与社会动荡相关，17世纪前半世纪以诗歌类型为主，至17世纪末批判主义出现）
Metaphysical Poetry 玄学派诗歌, main feature: conceits奇喻
John Donne邓恩
Main work: The Flea
Cavalier Poets骑士派
Robertherrick罗伯特赫里克
Main work: To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time 《致少女：珍惜青春》 theme: seize the day
John Milton约翰.弥尔顿（1608-1674）
Main works: a. Paradise Lost 《失乐园》
1) It is an epic, blank verse, based on the Old Testament: The Genesis
2) Theme: revolt against authority
3) the reason of writing this poem: to justify the way of God to man
b. Paradise Regained 《复乐园》
c. Samson Agonistes 《力士参孙》
1) based on The Book of Judges in the Old Testament
2) Samson- Miltion's self-portray suffer from blindness unhappy marriage hate evil, love freedom Milton also want to die with enemies
John Bunyan班扬（1628-1688）
Main work: The Pilgrim's Progress 《天路历程》
1) Vanity Fair(小说中的一个章节): symbol of London in the period of Restoration. It exposes the sin, evil, greediness and dissipation of the upper class, showing the idea of puritan.
2) Influence: The book is ranked as one of the greatest allegories（讽喻小说） in the English language. Its influence is incalculated. It sets a standard in story-telling with vivid characterization and natural dialogue. It becomes a landmark for later works such as Thackeray's "Vanity Fair", and Nathaniel Hawthorne's Celestial Railroad.
The Age of Reason/The Age of Enlightment(1688-1789) 18世纪理性时期/启蒙运动时期
Neo-Classicist新古典主义 in the early eighteenth century：emphasis on reason rather than emotion; preference for elegence, correctness, symmetry, clearness and appropriateness; focus on"town" and"society" instead of nature or country things.
Samuel Johnson
Main work: Dictionary 1) Influence: Johnson's Dictonary marked an epoch in the study of English language and the end of English writers' reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.
Alexander Pope亚历山大.蒲柏（1688-1744）
a. Poet, master of Heroic Couplet Heroic Couplet英雄双押韵: consists of two lines of rhymed iambic pentameter
b. Main work: An Essay on Criticism 《批评论》
Sentimentalism感伤主义（play a transition from Classicism to Romanticism）
Samuel Richardson理查生（1689-1761）
Main work: Pamela(or Virtue Rewarded) 《帕米拉：好人好报》
Laurence Sterne劳伦斯.斯坦恩（1713-1768）
Main work: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy 《珊迪传》
Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗.哥尔斯密（1728-1774）
Main work: Pastroal Poem田园诗: The Deserted Village 《荒村》 Novel: The Vicar of Wakefield 《威克菲尔德牧师传》
Thomas Gray托马斯.格雷（1716-1771）Graveyard Poets墓园派诗人
Main work: Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard 《墓园哀歌》
Realism现实主义
Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.笛福（1660-1731）
Main work: Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》
a. The glamour of Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》魅力所在 ①to the taste of Englightenment: Man is noble and may be educated through the influence of enviroment. From an artless, navie youth to a clever, strong man, after Robinson's standing up to the test of the hardship of life. ②Realistic Style: Robinson's survival is anything but exaggeration. The first-person narration is a simple, straight forward style, add to the realistic effect of the story. ③the hero is a representative of capitalist who is adventurous, commercial, strong-willed, practical, diligent, religious, intelligent, an empire builder and colonizer(Defoe beautifies colonialism and Negro slavery) ④Glorify individualism and both physical and mental labor.
Captain Singleton 《辛格顿船长》 Colonel Jacque 《杰克船长》 Moll Flanders 《摩尔弗兰德斯》 A Journal of Plague Year 《大疫年记》
Jonathan Swift江奈生.斯威夫特（1667-1745）
a. master of satirist, novelist
Main work: A Modest Proposal 《一个温和的建议》 A Tale of a Tub 《一个浴盆的故事》 Battle of Books 《书的战争》 The Drapier's Letter 《布商的书信》
Gulliver's Travels 《格列佛游记》
a. A voyage to Lilliput: satire parties and religion小人国 "Should eggs be broken at the big end or the small end" b. A voyage to Brobdingnag: an ideal country大人国 satire against English government and its executives bodies c. A voyage to Laputa 飞岛游记 satire against philosophers and scientists d. A voyage to Houyhnhnms慧马国游记 ①Houyhnhnms: intelligent, possess all the good virtues. ②the Yahoos: human beast, reveals the weakness of all the human beings: the Yahoos possesses every conseivable evil. They are hairy, wild, low, reasonless, conscienceless malicious, spiteful, envious, filthy and greedy. e. 对比《鲁滨逊漂流记》和《格列佛游记》 similar: first person narration, adventure, realistic style, straightforward description different: satire/ glorify
Henry Fielding亨利.菲尔丁（1707-1754）
Main work: Joseph Andrews 《约瑟夫安德鲁传》 Jonathan Wild the Great 《大伟人江奈生魏尔德传》
Tom Johes 《汤姆琼斯》
Three parts: in the country on the road in London
Amelia 《阿美利亚》
Pre-Romanticism inEnglish Poetry 前浪漫主义
William Blake布莱克（1757-1827）
Main work: Songs of Innocence 《天真之歌》
Happy songs abouT sun, hills, streams, insects and flower in the innocence of child, the symbol is lamb. Everything is in harmony. It is written from children's point of view.
Songs of Experience 《经验之歌》
a. From songs of innocence to experience, it shows a progression of the poet's outlook on life. Experience brings a fuller sense of the power of the evil, the great misery and pain of people's life. The symbol is tiger. It is full of sadness, passion and hatred. b. Symbols in the poem ①blackening church: symbol of the evil and cruel heart of the church people ②blood: symbol of the death of soilders in the colonial war ③palace walls: symbol of English government who started the colonial war
Poetical Sketches 《诗的素描》 The French Revolution, a Prophecy 《法国大革命：一个预言》 The Marriage of Heaven and Hell 《天堂与地狱的结合》
Robert Burns 彭斯（1759-1796）
Main work: The Tree of Liberty 《自由树》 The Two Dogs Holy Willie's Prayer 《威力长老的祈祷》 Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect 《苏格兰方言诗集》 Auld Lang Syne 《友谊地久天长》 Joseph Anderson, My Love My Heart's in the Highland
Themes of his poems: 1) About love and friendship Auld Lang Syne Joseph Anderson, My Love 2) About rural life, patriotism My Heart's in the Highland 3) His attitude toward liberty, equailty, fraternity under the influence of French Revolution Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect The Two Dogs Holy Willie's Prayer The Tree of Liberty