British Literature2

英国浪漫主义到二十世纪主要作者及其代表作，以及更细节的知识等你来学习。

British Literature

• Medieval Literature(约5世纪-1485)
• The Renaissance Period(文艺复兴时期)
• The period of Revolution and Restoration(1603-1688)宗教改革和王朝复辟时期（与社会动荡相关，17世纪前半世纪以诗歌类型为主，至17世纪末批判主义出现）
• The Age of Reason/The Age of Enlightment(1688-1789) 18世纪理性时期/启蒙运动时期
• The Romanticism in England 19世纪早期 浪漫主义时期
  • a. Romanticism in England begins with the publicaton of Lyrical Ballads(抒情歌谣) and ends with death of Walter Scott in 1832 b. the definition of Romanticism: A European intellectual and artistic movement that flourished in the first half of 19th century. It emphasizes emotion, individuality, imagination, simiplicity and the worship of nature, the tone is melancholy(isolaton, exile, loneliness)
  • Lake poets(the passive ones)湖畔诗人
    • William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯（1770-1850）
      • a. the principles of roamnticism(preface of Ballads) ①Appeal to individual sensation: "All good poetry is the spontaneous over-flow of powerful feelings" ②a poet's emotion extends from human affairs to nature ③function of poem: give an unexpected splender to common and familiar things ④language: simple, pure, esp. peasants' words style: fresh, direct, prefer blank verse, ballad
      • Main works： She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways 《她住在人迹罕至的地方》 The Solitary Reaper 《孤独的收割女》 Tintern Abbey 《丁登寺》 The Prelude 《序曲》 The "Lucy" Poems 《露西组诗》
      • I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 《我像一片云漂游在天际》
        • a. Theme: The poet's mood is inspired by the natural scene. Nature serves as a means of self-expression, a good medicine to cure our gloomy and solitude b. Nature is a healer as it may cure people's solitude and gloom.
      • My Heart Leaps up (also known as The Rainbow) 《我心雀跃》
        • Famouse sentence: The child is father if the Man.儿童是成人之父。
    • Samuel Coleridge 塞缪尔.柯勒律治（1772-1834）
      • a. Coleridge values imagination and supernature, while Wordsworth values nature. b. Main works: Christabel 《克丽斯塔贝尔》 Kubla Khan 《忽必烈汗》 （after he takes opium）
      • The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 《古舟子吟》
        • Theme: unreasonable crime; spiritual punishment(condemned by conscience); Redemption(love can settle everything). The idea of the poem is fit for the idea of eco-criticism.
    • Robert Southey 罗伯特.骚塞（1774-1843）
  • the active ones(积极浪漫主义者)
    • George Gordon Byron 乔治.戈登.拜伦（1788-1824）
      • Main works： Hours of Idleness 《闲散时光》 Childe Harold's Pilgrimage 《恰尔得哈罗德游记》 She Walks in Beauty 《她走在美的光影里》 When We Two Parted 《当我们分手时》
      • Don Juan 《唐璜》
        • 1) Don Juan: A libertine(浪子), a man who is an obsessive seducer of women. 2) it is a comic epic/ “Epic Satire”about Don Juan, transformed into a kind teenager, who has adventures in many countries under varied social backgrounds, and take contemporary life of Europe at that time(the early time of 19th century)
      • Two poems written in Chillon: Sonnet on Chillon 《锡隆赞》； The Prisoner of Chillon 《锡隆囚徒》 Two poetic dramas 诗体剧： Manfred 《曼弗雷德》； Cain《该隐》 Oriental tales : The Giaour 《异教徒》； The Corsair 《海盗》； The Bride of Abydos 《阿比多斯新娘》； The Siege of Corinth 《柯林斯之围》
    • Percy Bysshe Shelly 雪莱（1792-1822）
      • Main works： The Necessity of Atheism 《无神论的必然性》 Queen Mab 《麦布女王》 Ozymandias 《奥兹曼提亚》 The Revolt of Islam 《伊斯兰的反派》 Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》 To a Skylark 《致云雀》 Two verse dramas: The Cenci 《钦契》
      • Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗米修斯》
        • It is borrowed from the Greek tragidian Aeschylus-"Prometheus Unbound". From bound to Unbound, it shows the victory of mankind over the tyranny of Zeus's oppression and the regeneration of humanity
      • Nature: To a Skylark 《致云雀》
      • Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》
        • 1) The poem consists of five cantos written in terza rima(三行连韵体)， each canto consists of four tercets(三行押韵诗句)（ABA,BCB,CDC,DED）and a rhyming couplet(EE)(双押韵） 2）The Ode is written in iambic pentameter(每行诗都是五步抑扬格) 3）The poem begins with three cantos describing the wind's effects upon earth, air and ocean. It is both a destroyer and a preserver. 4) The last two cantos are Shelley speaking directly to the wind, asking for its power, to lift him like a leaf, a cloud or a wave and make him its companion in its wanderings. He asks the wind to take his thoughts and spread them all over the world so that the youth are awoken with his ideas. The poem ends with an optimistic note which is that if winter days are here then spring is not very far.
      • Mary Shelly, wife of Shelly
        • Main works： Frankenstein 《弗兰肯斯坦》：a typical gothic story
    • John Keats 济慈（1795-1821）
      • Main works： Long，narrative poems Endymion 《恩底弥翁》 Lamia 《拉米亚》 Isabella 《伊莎贝拉》 The Eve of St. Agnes 《圣阿格尼斯之夜》 Four great odes: Ode to Melancholy 《忧郁颂》 To Autumn 《秋颂》
      • Ode to a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》
        • Theme: the principle stress of the poem is a struggle between ideal and actual: inclusive terms which, however, contain more particular antitheses of pleasure and pain, of imagination and common sense reason, of fullness and privation, of permanence and change, of nature and the human, of art and life, freedom and bondage, waking and dream. The poem is not about the bird only. It is about human experience in general.
      • Ode on a Grecian Urn 《希腊古翁颂》
        • Beauty is truth, truth beauty-that is all Ye know on eaerth, and all ye need to know.美即是真，真即是美-这就包括你们所知道的和该知道的一切。
      • Sonnet On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer 《初读贾浦曼译荷马有感》 On the Grasshopper and the Cricket 《蝈蝈与蟋蟀》 济慈与同时代诗人作品区别： Unlike most of his contemporaries, Keats lived a somewhat secluded life, free from men and from all"political measures". He devoted himself to worshipping beauty. To him, poetry exists for its owm sake and this indicates his loyalty to his art.
    • Charles Lamb 兰姆
      • Main works: the essay collection: Essay of Elia 《伊利亚散文集》 Dream Children 《梦中儿女》
    • Walter Scott 司格特（1771-1832）
      • Main works: a. about the Scottish events/ subjects Waverly 《威弗利》 Rob Roy 《罗布罗伊》 b. about English subject Ivanhoe 《艾凡赫》
    • Jane Austen 简.奥斯 汀（1775-1817）
      • A. She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square. B. Main works: Sense and Sensibility 《理智与情感》 Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》 Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》 Persuasion《劝导》 Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德庄园》 Emma《爱玛》
      • C. Her view on marriage 1) prasise a lot such marriage which based on mutual understanding, respect, true love and good financial condition 2) love should be justified by reason and disciplined by self-control 3) satire the marriage which is only based on social status property and sexual passion
      • D. Feature of her writings 1) Austen is both romantic and realistic. She thought people should have self-control and self-knowledge. And at the same time people should be practical and responsible. 2) She never included any content related with those political and social upheavals in her age. Her novels only centered on the small world around her. She especially liked to write novels concerning with love and marriage between young ladies and gentlemen from well-to-do families. 3) She is good at witty, humorous dialogues and modest satire, irony. Through her desciption and characterization, she pointed out the social problem existed at that time, such as legacy inheritance, family problem, the situation of education, women's status etc. 4) She can make common things and characters interesting from the truth of desciption and sentiment.
• The Victoria Age- English Critical Realism 维多利亚时代-批判现实主义时期（1832-1902）
  • A. The Victoria Age The mid-and-late 19th centure is generally konwn as the Victorian Age, dominated by the rule of Queen Victoria. Thisis a period of dramatic charge that brought English to its highest point of development as a world power. England became the world's workshop and London the world's bank. The centre of Western civilization moved from Paris to London. The Victorian Age is usually subdivided into the early Victorian period, the mid-Victorain period, and the late Victorian period.
    • A. The Early Period(1832-1848): Struggle for Democracy Chartist Movement 宪章运动 B. The Mid-Victorian Period(1848-1870): Stability prosperity and Expression occurred in human knowledge. Darwin's theory of evolution went so far as to identity man with the animal,"Nature selection" and ”Survival of the fittest“ were applied in explaining how the society worked and develpoed. C. The Late Period(1870-1901): Decline of the Empire Karl Max 马克思 Friedrich Engles 恩格斯
  • B. Critical Realism 批判现实主义
    • 1) Main features: Humor and Satire They are not only pictured the conflicts between individuals who stood for definite social strata, but also showed the broad social conflicts over and above the fateof mere individuals. The cause-effect sequence is much more striking than in previous novels.
  • William Makepeace Thackeray 威廉. 梅克萨斯.萨克雷（1811-1863）
    • Main works: The Newcomes《纽可莫一家》 The History of Pendennis《潘丹尼斯的历史》 The History of Henry Esmond Esq.《亨利艾斯蒙德的历史》 The Virginians《弗吉尼亚人》
    • Vanity Fair 《名利场》
      • A. the title is took from Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress B. It indicates: ①the novel is concerned not with individual heros but with the society as a whole ②there are only heroines but not heros in the book ③no heroic or positive characters in it, except Dobbin, but who is described as a great failure and he is far from being a hero
      • B. Main Characters and analysis: Becky (Rebecca)Sharp is a classic example of money-grubbing. Her goal is to gain wealth and social position by all means, fair and foul. She is tricky, inscrupulous, revengeful, eloquent, able at acting and sophistical.
    • 比较萨克雷和狄更斯的写作风格 1）Compared with Dickens, Thackeray was less interested in direct social criticism. He was mainly concerned with showing people's vanity and their efforts to grab wealth and achieve status. 2) His greatest skills lay in creating highly individualized and real characters that display various facets of human nature. 3) Thackeray's criticism of the society is seldom directed at the social institutions and government. His criticism is targeted at the social moral that helped to hold up the society. To him, the society was corrupt because its moral was diseased and almost all people were money- minded.
  • Charles Dickens 查理斯.狄更斯
    • A. The greatest novelist in 19th century, the main representative of English Critical Realism B. Features of his writing ① His criticism is direct and usually target as social institutions and government. He gives us a most complete and realistic picture of the English capitalism society at what time, revealing the real situation without any disguise of all strata of the british society. ② Created many unforgettable characters, which expose the vice and cruelty, hpocrisy of the privileged and presented a picture of the people in the bottom: their suffering, poverty and helpless under capitalist greed and exploitation ③ He believes in a reconciliation of class contradiction which is a limitation( which can explain the happy ending of many novel )is a patty capitalist. ④ He often uses idealist characters and highly sentimental scenes to contrast with his caricature character and the ugly social truth he reveals
    • C. Main works: The Pickwick Papers 《匹克威克外传》
    • Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》
      • 1) the story of a orphan boy, whose adventure provide material for a description of lower depths of London. It is a gloomy tale of crime and terror, describing the people in the bottom of the society: their miserable life full of poverty and crimes. 2) In 1838, Dickens created this story, at te inspiration of the Poor Law passed in 1834.
    • Nicholas Nickleby 《尼古拉斯尼克贝》 The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》 Dombey and Son 《董贝父子》 Great Expectations 《远大前程》
    • David Copperfield 《大卫科波菲尔》
      • Partly autobiography, the author's favorite
    • A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》
      • 1) Theme: where there is oppression, there is revolution . background: French Revolution
  • The Bronte Sisters
    • Charlotte Bronte
      • Main works: The Professor Shirley Villette《维莱特》
      • Jane Eyre 《简爱》
        • A. Partly autobiography, beyond the traditional pattern: angle-devil, beauty-beast B. What makes Jane Eyre be new? 1) Characters: unlike the traditional heroine who is beautiful, sentimental, angel like. Jane is poor, plain- looking stubborn, pure, courageous, upright, rebellious and dare to resist oppression and other social evils in the capitalist society. 2) She represents the middle class working women who are struggling for the recognition of their basic rights and equality. 3) Thus she has very strong sense of self-respect, independence and feminism. So she is a new woman figure and symbol of women's liberation. C. Crazy woman- Bertha Mason Though she is the impediment of the heros, she needs our sympathy. She is the victim of the male-dominated society and suffer from both gender and race(she is a west Indian).
    • Emily Bronte
      • Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》
        • A. Theme: A morbid story of love, but powerful attack on the capitalist marriage system. Innocent love is poisoned by class prejudice and True love can't be attained in a class society. B. Dilemma of Catherine Her struggling between realistic and romantic need is the existence of human dilemma. Romanticism make the the society progressive(man has a dream), realism make us feel satisfied. C. Choice of Narrators: ①Mr Lockwood is an outsider, tenant of Thrush Cross Grange and honest recorder. ②Nelly Dean is the second and primary narrator of the novel. Nelly has been a servant of each generation of both the Earnshaw and Linton families. That's why she is the witness and qualified to be the narrator. On the other hand, she has no prejudice against everyone. She is single, usually an unmarried person has an uncorrupt view of love. Married ones will be influenced by the society has no purity of love. So being single is natural, marriage is social.
    • Ann Bronte
      • Ages Grey 《阿格尼斯格雷》
    • George Eliot乔治艾略特(1819-1880)
      • A. Pen name: Mary Ann Evans玛丽安伊万斯 B. Main works: The Mill on the Floss《弗罗斯河上的磨房》 Silas Marner《织工马南》 Middlemarch《米德尔马契》 C. The forerunner of psychological fiction
    • Thomas Hardy托马斯:哈代(1840-1928)
      • Main works: Tess of the D'Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》 Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》
    • Oscar Wilde奥斯卡王尔德(1854-1900)
      • Custom comedy 风俗喜剧
• The Twentieth Century English Literature 20世纪文学
  • George Bemard Shaw乔治萧伯纳(1856-1950年) 获诺贝尔文学奖;戏剧家
    • 悲剧: Widowers' Houses《鰥夫的房子》 The Philanderer《花花公子》 Mrs. Warren's Profession《华伦夫人的职业》 喜剧: Arms and The Man《武器与人》 Candida《坎迪德》 The Man of Destiny《风云人物》 You Never Can Tell《难以预料》 清教徒戏剧: The Devils Disciple《魔鬼门徒》 Caesar and Cleopatra《恺撒和克里奥佩特拉》 Captain Brassbound's Conversion《布拉斯邦德队长的转换》 著名戏剧: Major Barbala《芭芭拉少校》 Heartbreak House《伤心之家》 St.Joan《圣女贞德》 Pygmalion《卖花女》
  • William Butler Yeats威廉勃特勒叶芝(1865-1939)
  • Virginia Woolf弗吉妮亚伍尔芙(1882-1941)
    • Mrs. Dalloway《达罗卫夫人》 To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》
  • James Joyce詹姆斯乔伊斯(1882-1941)
    • Ulysses《尤利西斯》 The greatest writer in English literature sinceShakespeare
  • D.H.Lawrence D:H.劳伦斯(1885-1930)
    • Lady Chatterley's Lover《查泰莱夫人的情人》 Sons and Lovers《儿子与情人》 The Rianbow《虹》 Women in Love《恋爱中的女人》
  • T.S.Eliot TS艾略特(1888-1965)
    • The Waste Land《荒原》