CFA 财报 Pre corse

CFA考试财报的相关基础知识，包括基本概念及计算，比率分析

Financial Reporting & Analysis

• Introduction
  • Accounting Standards
    • GAAP （Accepted Accounting Principle）
      • FASB （Financial Accounting Standards Board）
    • IFRS （International Financial Reporting Standards）
      • IASB （International Accounting Standards Board）
    • SEC （Securities and Exchange Commission证券交易监督委员会）
  • Accounting Elements
    • Asset资产
      • Controlled & Expect to generate inflow
    • Liability负债
      • loan贷款，bond债券，account payable应付账款，notes payable应付票据
      • purchase on credit赊购
    • Equity权益
      • net asset
      • owner' equity
    • Income收入
      • revenue著营业收入
      • other income其他营业收入
      • gain营业外收入
    • Expense费用
      • COGS （Cost of Goods Sold主营业/生产相关成本）
      • SG&A （Selling，general and administrative Cost销售一般管理费用）
      • Interest Expense财务费用/债务利息
      • Income Tax Expense所得税费用
      • Loss损失
    • profit利润
      • net income / the bottom line
      • 非五要素之一
  • Accounting Equation
    • Asset=Liability+Owner's equity
    • Net Income=Income-Expense
    • Asset+Expense=Liability+Capital+Income-Expense
• Finantial Reporting
  • Income Statement
    • • Gross Profit毛利润
      • Operating Income经营利润
      • EBIT息税前利润
      • EBT税前利润
    • Depreciation Expense折旧费用
      • Amortization摊销费用
        • 隐含在COGS和SG&A中
    • Interest Expense
      • Tax-deductible/Tax shield
        • 债权融资：支付利息在缴税前，减少了税金 股权融资：分红在缴税后
    • EPS （Earnings per share每股收益）
      • Basic EPS
      • Diluted EPS稀释每股收益
    • Revenue Recognition
      • • Accrual Accounting权责发生制会计
  • Balance sheet
    • Assets
      • Current Assetsl流动资产
        • Cash and cash equivalents现金及现金等价物
        • Accounts receivable应收账款
          • Sold on Credit赊购
        • Inventory存货
          • Goods for Sale + Material for Manufacturing
          • Cost flow method
            • Specific identification method个别人定法
            • FIFO （First-in，First-out method先进先出法）
            • LIFO （Last-in，First-out method后进先出法）
              • 少缴税，IFRS不允许
            • Weighted average cost method加权平均法
        • Prepaid Expense预付款项
      • Non-current Assets非流动资产
        • PP&E （Property，plant and Equipment—— Tangible Assets有形/固定资产）
          • 土地无折旧；在中国属于无形资产
          • Straight-line Depreciation直线折旧法
            • Depreciation Expense=（Cost—Residual Value）/useful life
          • Double declining balance depreciation 双倍折旧法
            • Depreciation Expense=（Cost-Accumulative depreciation）/useful life X 2
        • Patents专利，Trademark商标，Copyright版权 Goodwill商誉——Intangible Assets无形资产
      • Finantial Assets金融资产
        • Held-to-maturity securities持有至到期金融资产——debt security / bond
        • Trading Securities交易性金融资产
        • Available-for-sale Securities可供出售金融资产
      • Measurement of Assets
        • Historical Cost
          • 多用于PP&E固定资产
        • Fair Value
          • Arm's-length transaction
        • Current cost，Realizable value，Present value，Amortized cost
    • Liabilities
      • Current liabilities
        • Account payable应付账款
          • Purchase on credit赊购
        • Accrued expense应计账款
          • wage payable, tax payable, interest payable, dividend payable
        • Unearned revenue预收账款
          • 已收款，为未交货
      • Non-current liabilities
        • Debt payable 长期应付款
          • Long-term debt 长期带息债务
            • Bank loans银行贷款
            • Notes payable应付中期债权
            • Bonds payable应付长期债权
          • Lease payable长期租赁款
            • 融资租赁
    • Owner's equity
      • Contributed capital已投股本
        • Preferred stock优先股
          • 优先分红，优先受偿，无投票权
        • Common stock 正常股
          • 有分红权，有投票权
        • Additional paid-in capital 股本溢价
      • Treasury stock库存股
        • 无分红权，无投票权
      • Retained earnings留存收益
      • Accumulated PCI 累计其他综合收益
        • 美国准则四项
          • Foreign currency translation货币折换
          • minimum pension liability养老金
          • derivations养老金
          • available for sale securities可出售金融资产
        • 国际准则加一项
          • Revaluation surplus资产重估增值
      • Non-controlling ( minority) interest少数股东权益
  • Cash flow statement
    • GAAP
      • CFO （Cash by operating activities）经营性活动
      • CFI （Cash by investing activities投资性活动
      • CFF （Cash by financing activities）金融性活动
    • IFRS
  • Footnotes财报附注
    • Audited需要进行审计
      • 会计方法/会计假设/收购兼并/法律诉讼/资产处置等情况
  • Supplemental Disclosure
    • Not audited不需要审计
      • MD&A （Management's Discussion and Analysis）管理层分析与讨论
      • Audit Report审计报告
        • Unqualified opinion无保留意见
        • Qualified Opinion保留意见
        • Adverse opinion否定意见
        • Disclaimer of opinion拒绝发表意见
• Fundamental of Analysis
  • Profitability ration盈利能力比率
    • Net profit margin净利润率
      • Net income / Sales revenue X 100%
    • Gross profit margin毛利率
      • Gross profit / Sales revenue X 100%
  • Activity ratio
  • Liquidity ratio
  • Solvency ration
  • Valuation Ratio