导图社区 英语语法导图笔记
下图总结了英语语法中强调作用及分类,包括关键词的重读、关键词语的重复、修辞重复、后置、前置、分裂句等,有需要的宝贝请拿走!
编辑于2021-06-25 23:25:56Emphasis
关键词语的重读
可表示对比
This is bag; that one is yours
可改变意义
Jane phoned me yesterday. ( Not anybody else.)
Jane phoned me yesterday. (she didn't come to see me)
用助动词do的一定形式表示强调
You do look nice today.
关键词语的重复 修辞重复Rhetorical Repetition
常见于正式语体,如庄严的演讲,正规的论文,激情的对话,文学语言。
I knew he was going to cause trouble, and cause trouble he did.
She looks much, much older than she used to.
后置 postponement
句尾焦点 End Focus
新信息是信息传递的着重点,在句子中通常由谓语表示,而新信息的关键部分又通常出现在句尾,这就是信息焦点,即句尾焦点。
Mr Smith is a friend of my father's.
句尾重心 End Weight
从句子结构上看,主语作为信息传递的出发点,在结构上通常较短且简单,而谓语作为信息传递的着重点则通常较长且复杂,这种句子结构特征为 句尾重心。
They pushed the car. They gave the car a push. 第二句比第一句读起来更自然,就说明句尾重心在英语语序word order中的作用。
关键词语的后置
主语后置
it句型来帮助实现 It puzzles me why he got so irritable.
全部倒装来实现 On top of the hill stands an old castle.
被动结构来帮助 The car is being cleaned by Albert.
分隔修饰实现主语语义重心的后移 The time has now come for us to face the facts squarly.
尾重句 Periodic Sentence
这种句子包含几个信息结构而将主要信息或其实质部分留到句尾或接近句尾才出现。 Finally, with both of us combining our imaginative resources, after what seems another hour, we decided it.
在复杂句中,凡是从句先行而将主句置于其后的结构,也是尾重句。 When last year her mother was dying of cancer and her father seemed on the verge of breakdown, Jane showed her real inner strength.
松散句 Loose Sentence
在松散句中,主要信息或者实质部分较早出现,随后补充附加修饰语或者细节。 He knew he had little chance of getting the job, although he wanted it more than anything in the world. (松散句) Although he wanted the job more than anything in the world, he knew he had little chance of getting the job.(尾重句)
前置 Fronting
把在正常语序中较晚出现的成分移到句首,使它处于突出的位置,从而受到特殊强调。
不引起倒装的前置
这样的成分通常是:宾语,主语补语,宾语补语
A scandal I call it. Very strange it seemed. A horrible mess you've made of it.
意义:为了使上下文衔接紧密;为了意义的对比和结构的对称
One of these he fed to his fat. The other he ate himself. Fool Joe may be, but thief he is not.
引起倒装的前置 inversion
当句首状语为方位词或拟声词,谓语动词为go,come等表示位置转移的动态动词时,用完全倒装 full inversion 。 There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat. 主语是代词,不用倒装。 Lower and lower he bent.
当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时,全部倒装full inversion。 In this chapter will be found a partial answer.
当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时,局部倒装 partial inversion。 Never have I found him in such a good mood. Rarely do I get involved into his office alone.
句首状语若由“only+副词”,“only+介词词组”,“only+状语分句”,关联词“not only”开头的分句 构成,局部倒装partial inversion。 Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.
so + adj 作为主语补语的前置, 全部倒装 so + adv 作为状语的前置, 局部倒装 So small was the mark that I could hardly see it. So much does he worry about his financial position that he can't sleep at night.
当方式状语,频度状语等移至句首时, 局部倒装partial inversion Gladly would I pay more if I could get better service by doing do. 方式状语等移至句首,也可以不倒装。 Slowly and impressively he rose from his seat.
分裂句 Cleft Sentence
以it为引导词的强调句型。IT+be的一定形式+中心成分+that/who分句 一般强调 时间状语,地点状语,方式状语。
单一方式副词通常不作分裂句中心成分。 It was ca refully that..
可以强调because 引导的原因状语从句,不可以强调as/for引导的原因状语从句 It was because she was ill that... It was as/for he was ill that... (❌)
主语补语一般不作分裂句的中心成分。 It is beautiful that she is. (❌)
假分裂句 Pseudo-cleft Sentence
通常是由what引导的名词性分句,分句的主语动词通常是do的一定形式;这种分裂句的主语补语通常是不定式结构,可带to,也可不带to,它构成“假分裂句”的信息中心。 若what分句中主动词do以ing形式出现,假分裂句的主语补语也可采取ing分词结构。 What he will be doing is taking a plane to Beijing.