刘润清新编语言学教程Semantics

刘润清新编语言学教程第五单元思维导图，探讨了语言与文化的关系，包括语言在文化中的地位、语言与文化的相互影响以及语言反映文化的方式。

Semantics

• Definition
  • Semantics is the branch of linguistics which studies meaning in language. More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words, and sentences , in particular.
• Six Approaches
  • Meaning as naming 命名论
    • Referential theory (Naming theory) 指称论
  • Meaning as concept 概念论
    • Semantic Triangle Theory 语义三角理论
  • Meaning as sense 意义论
    • Sense theory 意义理论
  • Meaning as behavior 行为主义论
    • SR theory 刺激反应理论
  • Meaning as context 语境论
    • Context theory
  • Meaning as truth conditions
    • Truth Conditional Theory 真实条件理论
• Word meaning
  • Componential Analysis (CA) 成分分析
    • Definition
      • All lexical items can be analyzed into a set of semantic features or semantic components. 语义特征
    • Advantages
      • We can grasp the conceptual meaning in a concise and accurate way.
      • We can better account for sense relations.
    • Disadvantages
      • Many words are polysemous.
      • Clear cut binary division is impossible.
      • There are many words whose semantic features are difficult to ascertain.
      • The semantic components can be analyzed further in an endless way.
  • Semantic relationships between words
    • Synonymy 同义关系 (Sameness relation)
      • Total synonymy is rare.
        • eg. answer—reply big—large.
    • Antonymy 反义关系 ( oppositeness relation)
      • gradable antonymy 等级反义
        • tiny small medium large huge gargantuan
      • complementary antonymy 互补反义
        • Dead—Alive Male—Female
      • converse antonymy 反向反义
    • Hyponymy 上下义关系 (inclusiveness relation)
      • Hyponymy is a matter of class membership , which indicates the notion of inclusiveness.
    • Homonymy 同形异义关系
      • Those words which have the same linguistic form (sound and spelling), but differ in meaning are called hymonyms.
        • Homophones 同音异义
          • sun—son eye—I
        • Homoforms 同音同形异义
          • Concerning v./kən'sɜ:nɪŋ/ —the present participle of the verb ‘concern’ Concerning prep./kən'sɜ:nɪŋ/ ——about, with regard to
        • Homographs 同形异义
          • close adj./kləus/-—near close v./kləuz/——to shut
    • Meronymy 部分整体关系
      • Meronymy deals with part-whole relationship.
    • Polysemy 多义关系
      • a word has two or more meanings