非谓语动词

高中英语非谓语动词用法一览表，总结了to do 不定式、动名词、分词、非谓语动词的区别 、独立主格等。

非谓语动词

1. to do 不定式

时态和语态

句法功能

1.主语

1.1 直接作主语： To see is to believe.

1.2 it 作形式主语：It took me two weeks to finish the assignment.

不定式的复合结构

（1）It+ be+ adj+for+sb+to do sth 侧重说明客观情况

（2）It+ be+ adj+of+sb+to do sth 侧重说明人的品质

（3）It+ be+ adj+to do sth

2.宾语

2.1 作及物动词宾语，常见动词有：decide，tell， hope，agree,manage 等.

2.2 it 做形式宾语：主语+think/believe/make/find/ consider +it+adj/n+ to do sth

3.表语

3.1表示对主语的进一步说明，具有将来时间意义 :His dream is to teach English.

3.2 表示应该； You are to report that to the police.

4.定语

4.1Have you got anything to eat?

4.2 被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级，the next, the only, the last 等修饰： She is the first person to come up with the solution.

4.3 todo常用来修饰ability，chance，opportunity，need，ambition，attempt 等名词。

5.状语

5.1 目的状语

She gave him some money to let him leave at once.

5.2 结果状语

only to do “竟不料.....“； so...as to do.... such....as to do ; enough to do sth

5.3 原因状语

I'm glad to see you again.

5.4 评论性状语

to be honest; to one's embarrassment

6.宾补

6.1 感官/使役动词+宾语+宾补 中 todo不定式省略 to，但被动语态下to要还原

一感 feel 二听 hear；listen 三让 let；have；make 四看 see；watch；notice；spot

Someone was heard to come up the stairs.

to do 易错易混

to do不定式的省略

1. 做介词but, except, besides, than宾语时，前有实义动词do，后无to；前无do，后有to。例如：He did nothing but cry.

2. 作表语时，主语部分含有实义动词do的某种形式，则省略to。 The only thing you can do is apologize.

主动表被动

be+adj+to do： This question is easy to answer.

疑问词+to do在句子中起名词作用，可做主、宾、表

1. He didn't know what to say.

2. How to learn English is hard.

3. The key step is to predict the end.

2. 动名词

时态和语态

句法功能

1.主语

1.1 表示一种概念，习惯或经验。单个动名词短语作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数。

1.2 it 做形式主语与there be句型中作主语

It be + a waste of time doing

There is no use/good/point in doing sth

2.宾语

2.1做动词和介词的宾语

The boy finished checking the room.

He is fond of playing football.

adjust to ; be devoted to; stick to 等 to为介词

3.表语

3.1表抽象性、泛指性或习惯性的动作，说明主语内容可以与主语互换位置。 例如：My hobby is collecting stamps.

4.定语

4.1 表是被修饰的名词的功能或用途。 相当于名词+for doing

swimming pool; walk stick; waiting room

3. 分词：

现在分词

时态和语态

过去分词

时态语态

done

分词的句法功能

1.表语

现在分词：表示主语特点特征

The book is interesting.

过去分词：表示主语自身产生的感受或状态。

She is interested in this movie.

2.定语：单个分词做定语一般前置；分词短语作定语一般后置。

现在分词:主动、进行

The boiling water is quite hot.

过去分词：及物动词表被动、完成； 不及物动词只表示完成

The boiled water is easy to drink.

There were countless fallen leaves.

The houses being built are for the elderly citizens.

3.状语

时间、原因、结果、方式或伴随等，其逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致。现在分词为执行者、过去分词为承受者。

We opened the door, letting them in.

The boy lay on the ground, covered with nothing.

having done 作状语，与主句主语逻辑上为主动关系，且分词动作发生在主句谓语动词前。

Having finished the work, I fell very relaxed.

having been done 作状语，与主句主语逻辑上为被动关系，且分词动作发生在主句谓语动词前。

Having been hurt so badly, he lost his arm.

being done 作状语，与句子主语逻辑上为被动关系，与主句谓语动词同时发生。

Being taught by the teacher, I made great progress.

4.宾补

常位于感官动词和使役动词的宾语后。现在分词说明宾语正在进行，过去分词说明宾语有被动和完成含义。

I spotted a man playing the piano.

He felt himself cheated.

4. 非谓语动词的区别

1. 动名词短语作主语表示一般或抽象的多次行为。to do做主语表示具体的或一次性的动作。

2.作宾语时 既可以to do 又可以接 doing 。 其中begin/start/ like/ require 等意义差别不大。但 continue /prefer/ regret 等后接to do和doing时，意义差别较大。

5. 独立主格

1. 名词/代词+to do

So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.

2. 名词/代词+doing

The guests having left, he began to take a short rest.

Weather permitting, I will stay at home for the whole day.

3. 名词/代词+done

This done, we will go home.