非谓语动词

高中英语非谓语动词用法一览表，总结了to do 不定式、动名词、分词、非谓语动词的区别 、独立主格等。

非谓语动词

• 1. to do 不定式
  • 时态和语态
  • 句法功能
    • 1.主语
      • 1.1 直接作主语： To see is to believe.
      • 1.2 it 作形式主语：It took me two weeks to finish the assignment.
        • 不定式的复合结构
          • （1）It+ be+ adj+for+sb+to do sth 侧重说明客观情况
          • （2）It+ be+ adj+of+sb+to do sth 侧重说明人的品质
          • （3）It+ be+ adj+to do sth
    • 2.宾语
      • 2.1 作及物动词宾语，常见动词有：decide，tell， hope，agree,manage 等.
      • 2.2 it 做形式宾语：主语+think/believe/make/find/ consider +it+adj/n+ to do sth
    • 3.表语
      • 3.1表示对主语的进一步说明，具有将来时间意义 :His dream is to teach English.
      • 3.2 表示应该； You are to report that to the police.
    • 4.定语
      • 4.1Have you got anything to eat?
      • 4.2 被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级，the next, the only, the last 等修饰： She is the first person to come up with the solution.
      • 4.3 todo常用来修饰ability，chance，opportunity，need，ambition，attempt 等名词。
    • 5.状语
      • 5.1 目的状语
        • She gave him some money to let him leave at once.
      • 5.2 结果状语
        • only to do “竟不料.....“； so...as to do.... such....as to do ; enough to do sth
      • 5.3 原因状语
        • I'm glad to see you again.
      • 5.4 评论性状语
        • to be honest; to one's embarrassment
    • 6.宾补
      • 6.1 感官/使役动词+宾语+宾补 中 todo不定式省略 to，但被动语态下to要还原
        • 一感 feel 二听 hear；listen 三让 let；have；make 四看 see；watch；notice；spot
          • Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
  • to do 易错易混
    • to do不定式的省略
      • 1. 做介词but, except, besides, than宾语时，前有实义动词do，后无to；前无do，后有to。例如：He did nothing but cry.
      • 2. 作表语时，主语部分含有实义动词do的某种形式，则省略to。 The only thing you can do is apologize.
    • 主动表被动
      • be+adj+to do： This question is easy to answer.
    • 疑问词+to do在句子中起名词作用，可做主、宾、表
      • 1. He didn't know what to say.
      • 2. How to learn English is hard.
      • 3. The key step is to predict the end.
• 2. 动名词
  • 时态和语态
  • 句法功能
    • 1.主语
      • 1.1 表示一种概念，习惯或经验。单个动名词短语作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数。
      • 1.2 it 做形式主语与there be句型中作主语
        • It be + a waste of time doing
        • There is no use/good/point in doing sth
    • 2.宾语
      • 2.1做动词和介词的宾语
        • The boy finished checking the room.
        • He is fond of playing football.
        • adjust to ; be devoted to; stick to 等 to为介词
    • 3.表语
      • 3.1表抽象性、泛指性或习惯性的动作，说明主语内容可以与主语互换位置。 例如：My hobby is collecting stamps.
    • 4.定语
      • 4.1 表是被修饰的名词的功能或用途。 相当于名词+for doing
        • swimming pool; walk stick; waiting room
• 3. 分词：
  • 现在分词
    • 时态和语态
  • 过去分词
    • 时态语态
      • done
  • 分词的句法功能
    • 1.表语
      • 现在分词：表示主语特点特征
        • The book is interesting.
      • 过去分词：表示主语自身产生的感受或状态。
        • She is interested in this movie.
    • 2.定语：单个分词做定语一般前置；分词短语作定语一般后置。
      • 现在分词:主动、进行
        • The boiling water is quite hot.
      • 过去分词：及物动词表被动、完成； 不及物动词只表示完成
        • The boiled water is easy to drink.
        • There were countless fallen leaves.
        • The houses being built are for the elderly citizens.
    • 3.状语
      • 时间、原因、结果、方式或伴随等，其逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致。现在分词为执行者、过去分词为承受者。
        • We opened the door, letting them in.
        • The boy lay on the ground, covered with nothing.
      • having done 作状语，与主句主语逻辑上为主动关系，且分词动作发生在主句谓语动词前。
        • Having finished the work, I fell very relaxed.
      • having been done 作状语，与主句主语逻辑上为被动关系，且分词动作发生在主句谓语动词前。
        • Having been hurt so badly, he lost his arm.
      • being done 作状语，与句子主语逻辑上为被动关系，与主句谓语动词同时发生。
        • Being taught by the teacher, I made great progress.
    • 4.宾补
      • 常位于感官动词和使役动词的宾语后。现在分词说明宾语正在进行，过去分词说明宾语有被动和完成含义。
        • I spotted a man playing the piano.
        • He felt himself cheated.
• 4. 非谓语动词的区别
  • 1. 动名词短语作主语表示一般或抽象的多次行为。to do做主语表示具体的或一次性的动作。
  • 2.作宾语时 既可以to do 又可以接 doing 。 其中begin/start/ like/ require 等意义差别不大。但 continue /prefer/ regret 等后接to do和doing时，意义差别较大。
• 5. 独立主格
  • 1. 名词/代词+to do
    • So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.
  • 2. 名词/代词+doing
    • The guests having left, he began to take a short rest.
    • Weather permitting, I will stay at home for the whole day.
  • 3. 名词/代词+done
    • This done, we will go home.