规范在翻译中的实质和作用

翻译理论，本章将探讨习得规范本身的性质，以及它们在社会文化相关环境中指导翻译活动的作用。包含规则、规范和特异倾向、受规范支配的社会活动、翻译规范的概述、翻译规范的多样性、研究翻译规范等。

规范在翻译中的实质和作用

• 总览
  • In the present chapter the nature of the acquired norms themselves will be addressed, along with their role in directing translation activity in socio-culturally relevant settings.
  • 本章将探讨习得规范本身的性质，以及它们在社会文化相关环境中指导翻译活动的作用。
• 规则、规范和特异倾向
  • socio- cultural dimension
    • 图里认为翻泽是受社会文化规范制约的活动。
      • 制约翻译的因素：源语文本，语言之间的系统差异；文本传统；译者的认知能力
      • In its socio-cultural dimension, translation can be described as subject to Source tex, he system disterences bet we e Tanguages a a began t the tions involved in the act, or even the possibilities and limitations of the cognitive apparatus of the translator as a necessary mediator.
  • potency
    • 社会文化对翻译的约束力分布在两个极端之间 绝对规则—翻译规范的主体意识因素—个人风格
    • socio-cultural constraints（社会文化制约因素） have been described along a scale anchored between two extremes: general, relatively absolute rules on the one hand, and pure idiosyncrasies on the other.
  • the difference of rules and idiosyncrasies
    • rules as more objective norms idiosyncrasies as more subjective ［or: less inter- subjective」 norms
    • 图里分析了规则（rules）、规范和特异倾向（idiosyncrasies）的区别；称规则是（更）客观的规范；而特异倾向是（更）主观的规范。
  • the definition of norm
    • translation of general values or ideas shared by a community - as to what is right and wrong, adequate and inadequate - into performance instructions appropriate for and applicable to particular situations, specifying what is prescribed and forbidden as well as what is tolerated and permitted in a certain behavioural dimension (the famous 'square of normativity', which has lately been elaborated on with regard to translation in De Geest 1992: 38-40).
      • 规范的定义： 社会公认的普遍的价值观和观念，以区别正确与错误，适当与否。作为适用于特定情况下的行为规范，可指导具体行，可建立和保持社会秩序。规范适用于一切文化活动或构成文化的任何系统。
  • the centrality of norms is metaphorical and is essential.
  • there is no necessary identity between the norms themselves and any formulation of them in language. Normative formula-tions tend to be slanted, then, and should always be taken with a grain of salt. 规述性表达控制行为，应怀疑态度。
• translation as a norm- governed activity 受规范支配的社会活动
  • Two factors
    • 翻译，两种语言和文化系统，两套规范系统，翻译价值的两个要素： ①译文作目标语篇章在目标文化或该文化的某个部分中占据一定位置或填补空缺 ②译文是某个预先存在的源语篇章在目标语中的表述。源语篇章属于源语文化并在其中占有确定位置。
    • Translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions, i.e., at least two sets of norm-systems on each level. Thus, the 'value' behind it may be described as consisting of two major elements: (1) being a text in a certain language, and hence occupying a position, or filling in a slot, in the appropriate culture, or in a certain section thereof; (2) constituting a representation in that language/culture of another, preexisting text in some other language, belonging to some other culture and occupying a definite position within it.
    • 不同的语言、文化和篇章传统常不兼容，因此需要翻译规范的调节作用。翻译规范在某种程度上可说是译者们在两种不同语言、文化、篇章传统规范之间取舍的产物。在翻译过程中，翻译者可受原文及其规范支配，也可受目标语中使用的规范支配。
    • Different languages, cultures, and texts are often incompatible, and therefore require the moderate them by using translation norms. To some extent, translation norms can be said to be the product of translators' trade-offs between two different languages, cultures, and texts During the translation process, the translator can be governed by the source language as well as by governed by the target language.
  • 2）初始规范（initialnorms）决定译者对翻译的总体倾向，即倾向于原文本还是倾向于译文文化的读者习惯。图里将这两极称为“充分性”（adequacy）和“可接受性”（acceptability）。
    • 译者个人的倾向
    • adequacy
      • translator may subject him-/herself either to the original text, with the norms it has realized, so he/she could subscribe to the norms of the source language and culture, the pursuit of adequate translation
      • 译者可以让他/她自己受制于原文，并遵循原文所实现的规范，这样他/她就可以遵守源语言和文化的规范，追求充分的翻译
    • acceptability
      • translator may subject him-/herself either to the target text, with the norms it has realized, so he/she could subscribe to the norms of the target language
  • Three norms
    • 在实际翻译过程中，译者通常受到三类规范的制约：
    • 1）预备规范（preliminary norms）决定待译文本的选择，即翻译政策。在特定历史时期，翻译、模仿、改写有何区别？目标文化偏爱哪些作家、哪个时代、何种文类或流派的作品？是用直接翻译或是间接翻译？即是否允许或接受经过第三国语言的转译？
      • Preliminary norms have to do with two main sets of considerations which are often interconnected: those regarding the existence and actual nature of a definite translation policy, and those related to the directness of translation.
    • 3）操作规范（operational norms）制约实际翻译活动中的抉择。
    • 操作规范又细分为（1）母体规范（matricialnorms），即在宏观结构上制约翻译的原则；例如，是全文翻译还是部分翻译，以及章节、场幕、诗节和段落如何划分等。（2）篇章语言学规范（textual- linguistic norms即影响文本的微观层次的原则，如句子结构、遣词造句，是否用斜体或大写以示强调等等。
• 翻译规范的概述
  • preliminary vs operational
    • 翻译规范的分类 Toury认为规范制约所有种类的翻译，而且，规范能运用于翻译活动的任何阶段，能反映在翻译产品的每一层面。
      • Norms can be expected to operate not only in translation of all kinds, but also at every stage in the translating event, and hence to be reflected on every level of its product.
    • preliminary norms
      • 1）预备规范（preliminary norms）决定待译文本的选择，即翻译政策。在特定历史时期，翻译、模仿、改写有何区别？目标文化偏爱哪些作家、哪个时代、何种文类或流派的作品？是用直接翻译或是间接翻译？即是否允许或接受经过第三国语言的转译？
      • Preliminary norms have to do with two main sets of considerations which are often interconnected: those regarding the existence and actual nature of a definite translation policy, and those related to the directness of translation. 关于明确翻译政策的存在和实际性质，以及与翻译的直接性
      • 元规范（宏观层面）
        • translation policy
          • 翻译方针既涉及在一定历史背景下指导篇章类型的选择，也涉及与在特定时期通过翻译输入某种语言/文化的个体篇章有关的因素（影响或决定作品选择的因素，如作者、文学类型、学派、等）
          • Translation policy refers to those factors that govern the choice of text-types, or even of individual texts, to be imported through translation into a particular culture/language at a particular point in time.
        • Directness of translation翻译的直接程度
          • Considerations concerning directness of translation involve the threshold of tolerance for translating from languages other than the ultimate source lan-guage: is indirect translation permitted at all? In translating from what source languages/text-types/periods (etc.) is it permitted/prohibited/tolerated/preferred? What are the permitted/prohibited/tolerated/preferred mediating languages? Is there a tendency/obligation to mark a translated work as having been mediated, or is this fact ignored/camouflaged/denied? If it is mentioned, is the identity of the mediating language supplied as well? And so on.
          • 翻译的直接程度涉及从最原始版本语言以外的其他语言版本进行翻译（间接翻译）的裕度界线：能否允许间接翻译？从何种源语/篇章类型/时期进行翻译时禁止/允许/容忍何用某一特定翻译形式？什么是人们禁止/允许/容忍何用的中介语言？是否有倾向/义务表明译文是从某秤中介语文本翻译而来或忽略/隐瞒/否认这一事实？如果提及这一事实，是否要明确中介语的身份？（是否接受从另外一种语言而不是源语来进行翻译）
    • operational norms
      • 微观层面
      • 操作性规范影响篇章中语言材料的分布方式、篇章结构和文字表述， 因此也直接或间接地约束目标语篇章和源语篇章之间公认的关系， 即哪些在转变中可能维持不变，哪些会发生变化。
      • Operational norms, in turn, may be conceived of as directing the decisions made during the act of translation itself. They affect the matrix of the text — i.e., the modes of distributing linguistic material in it - as well as the textual makeup and verbal formulation as such. They thus govern - directly or indirectly - the relationships as well that would obtain between the target and source texts; i.e., what is more likely to remain invariant under transformation and what will change.
      • 操作性规范又分为母体规范和文本语言规范
        • matricial norms
          • 母体规范决定代替源语材料出现的译语材料的形式和它在文本中的位置与分割，还决定省略、增加和位置改变的程度。
          • So-called matricial norms may govern the very existence of target-language material intended as a substitute for the corresponding source-language material (and hence the degree of fullness of translation), its location in the text (or the form of actual distribution), as well as the textual segmentation' The extent to which omissions, additions, changes of location and manipulations of segmentation are referred to in the translated texts (or around them) may also be determined by norms
        • textual- linguistic norms
          • 文本语言规范影响或决定译者实际上选择什么译语材料来代替源语材料，或作为源语材料的对等物
          • Textual-linguistic norms, in turn, govern the selection of material to formulate the target text in, or replace the original textual and linguistic material with.
    • 总结
      • 一般说来，元规范在逻辑和顺序排列上优先于操作规范，因为译者首先要慎重考虑翻译什么和选择何种译本的问题。同时，两类主要规范之间相互影响甚至互为条件。
      • It is clear that preliminary norms have both logical and chronological precedence over the operational ones. This is not to say that between the two major groups there are no relationships whatsoever, including mutual influnences, or even two-way conditioning.
      • 例如，作为操作规范重要内容的篇章切分一直有各种各样的传统（或模式），他们之间的差别对翻译来说都起一些暗示作用，通常，篇章切分越接近目标文化，传统翻译作品的可接受性就越强，所以，操作规范的作用也不容忽视。
      • ☝️翻译
      • 在一项全面的研究结束时，可能会发现翻译规范，即对等假设的实现，在很大程度上都取决于翻译在目标文化中的地位——活动及其产品。 因此，一个有趣的研究领域是比较性的：翻译规范的性质与非翻译类文本生产的性质。事实上，如果翻译和翻译要适当地语境化，这种研究是绝对重要的。（机翻）
      • At the end of a full-fledged study it will probably be found that translational norms, hence the realization of the equivalence postulate, are all, to a large extent, dependent on the position held by translation — the activity as well as its products - in the target culture. An interesting field for study is therefore comparative: the nature of translational norms as compared to those governing non-translational kinds of text-production. In fact, this kind of study is absolutely vital, if translating and translations are to be appropriately contextualized.
• 翻译规范的多样性 The multiplicity of translational norms
  • two features inherent in the very notion of norm 规范概念固有的两个特征
    • 1）社会文化的特殊性。规范的特殊性在于它只能由其赖以存在的系统赋予其意义，即使是外部行为看起来完全相同的系统之间实际上仍有差异。
    • The multiplicity of norms lies in the fact that they can only be given meaning by the systems on which they depend. the systems remain different even if instances of external behaviour appear the same.
    • 2）不稳定性。规范是不稳定的、变化的实体。
    • norms are also unstable, changing entities; it is because its nature as norms
  • 应对翻译规范的变化 （translators are not passive in face of these changes )
    • competing norms
      • Therefore, it is not all that rare to find side by side in a society three types of competing norms, each having its own followers and a position of its own in the culture at large（相互竞争又彼此规范）
        • (1) Some translators attempt to promote the formation of normative changes through methods such as translation ideas and translation criticism in order to control these changes. (2) Some people, including translators, initiators of translation activities, and sponsors, comply with social pressure and constantly adjust their behavior according to changing norms; (3) There are still a small number of people who hold onto the old norms.
        • direct translational behaviour of the so-called mainstream（mainstream）, alongside the remnants of previous sets of norms（dated） and the rudiments of new ones, hovering in the periphery.（avant-garde） 所谓主流的直接翻译行为，以及先前规范的残余和新规范的萌芽，徘徊在边缘。
        • 1.在边缘徘的新规范的维形---前卫 2.处于中心地位，指导主流翻译行为的规范-主流 3.过去规范的残余-------过时
    • in a word/summary
      • Due to social pressure, people need to constantly adjust their behavior to adapt to changing norms 由于顺应社会压力，人们需要不断调整自己的行为以适应不断变化的规范
      • Most notably, young peoplewho are in the early phases of their initiation as translators often behave in anextremely epigonic way: they tend to perform according to dated, but still existing norms
• Studying translational norms 研究翻译规范
  • what is actually available for observation is not so much the norms themselves, but rather norm-governed instances of behaviour. To be even more precise, more often than not, it is the products of such behaviour.
  • 翻译规范的建立
    • 翻译规范的建立 翻译规范的建立需通过两个主要途径：篇章和篇章外。
    • There are two major sources for a reconstruction of translational norms, textual and extratextual:
    • 1）篇章：译文篇章本身是各种翻译规范的集中体现，是分析各种规范的资料总库，是形形色色的规范之源泉。 在翻译过程中，译者会有意无意遵循某基原则，这些原则既包括译者对源语和目标语语言、文化及篇章传统限制因素的认识，也包括个人癖好。 其中一些具有普遍意义，具有共性的东西逐渐为很多人所共同遵循，这就形成了规范。规范本身并不是显性的，它们隐含在译文篇章之中
    • (1) textual: the translated texts themselves, for all kinds of norms, as well as analytical inventories of translations (i.e., 'virtual' texts), for various preliminary norms;
    • 2）篇章外：集半理论性或评论性的观点为一体，如翻译的规定性理论和译者、编辑、出版人以及翻译活动所涉及人员对个别作品、译者或翻译“流派”的评价等。
    • （2）extratextual: semi-theoretical or critical formulations, such as prescriptive 'theories' of translation, statements made by translators, editors, publishers, and other persons involved in or connected with the activity, critical appraisals of individual translations, or the activity of a translator or 'school' of translators, and so forth.
    • 篇章和篇章外的区别
      • texts can be taken as immediate representations of norm-regulated behaviour
      • by-products of the existence and activity of norms, partial and biased,
    • 篇章外的规范性声明可能会产生问题的原因 normative pronouncement may be partial and biased
      • There may be gaps, even contradictions, between explicit argu-ments and demands, and actual behaviour and its results
      • due to subjectivity or naivete, or even lack of  sufficient knowledge
      • On occasions, deliberate desire to mislead and deceive may also be involved.
  • HOW
    • 翻译研究不要陷入死胡同translation is intrinsically multi-dimensional: the manifold phenomena it presents are tightly interwoven and do not allow for easy isolation, not even for methodical purposes. Therefore, research should never get stuck in the blind alley of the 'paradigmatic' phase which would at best yield lists of 'normemes', or discrete norms. Rather, it should always proceed to a syntagmatic' phase, involving the integration of normemes pertaining to various problem areas.
    • 翻译本质上是多维的：它呈现的多种现象紧密交织在一起，不允许轻易孤立，即使是出于有条不紊的目的。因此，研究永远不应该陷入“范式”阶段的死胡同，这最多只能产生“范式”或离散范式的列表。相反，它应该始终进入“组合”阶段，涉及与各种问题领域相关的规范的整合。
    • Obviously, the thicker the network of relations thus established, the more justified one would be in speaking in terms of a normative structure or model
    • 建立的关系网络越厚，从规范结构和模式的角度来说就越合理
    • a translator's behaviour cannot be expected to be fully systematic.
    • 不能指望译者的行为是完全系统的。
    • Consistency in translational behaviour is thus a graded notion which is neither nil (i.e., total erraticness) nor 1 (i.e., absolute regularity); its extent should emerge at the end of a study as one of its conclusions, rather than being presupposed.
    • 翻译行为的一致性是一个分级概念，既不是零（即完全不规则）也不是1（即绝对规则）；其范围应在研究结束时作为结论之一出现，而不是预先假定。
  • HOW
    • take it as pre-systematic and give it an explication, No matter how slanted and biased it is we should clarify the status of each formulation and analysis it. compare various normative pronouncements to each other