导图社区 CFA 财报 Pre corse
CFA考试财报的相关基础知识,包括基本概念及计算,比率分析
编辑于2019-07-30 14:21:17Financial Reporting & Analysis
Introduction
Accounting Standards
GAAP (Accepted Accounting Principle)
FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board)
IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards)
IASB (International Accounting Standards Board)
SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission证券交易监督委员会)
Accounting Elements
Asset资产
Controlled & Expect to generate inflow
Liability负债
loan贷款,bond债券,account payable应付账款,notes payable应付票据
purchase on credit赊购
Equity权益
net asset
owner' equity
Income收入
revenue著营业收入
other income其他营业收入
gain营业外收入
Expense费用
COGS (Cost of Goods Sold主营业/生产相关成本)
SG&A (Selling,general and administrative Cost销售一般管理费用)
Interest Expense财务费用/债务利息
Income Tax Expense所得税费用
Loss损失
profit利润
net income / the bottom line
非五要素之一
Accounting Equation
Asset=Liability+Owner's equity
Net Income=Income-Expense
Asset+Expense=Liability+Capital+Income-Expense
Finantial Reporting
Income Statement
Gross Profit毛利润
Operating Income经营利润
EBIT息税前利润
EBT税前利润
Depreciation Expense折旧费用
Amortization摊销费用
隐含在COGS和SG&A中
Interest Expense
Tax-deductible/Tax shield
债权融资:支付利息在缴税前,减少了税金 股权融资:分红在缴税后
EPS (Earnings per share每股收益)
Basic EPS
Diluted EPS稀释每股收益
Revenue Recognition
Accrual Accounting权责发生制会计
Balance sheet
Assets
Current Assetsl流动资产
Cash and cash equivalents现金及现金等价物
Accounts receivable应收账款
Sold on Credit赊购
Inventory存货
Goods for Sale + Material for Manufacturing
Cost flow method
Specific identification method个别人定法
FIFO (First-in,First-out method先进先出法)
LIFO (Last-in,First-out method后进先出法)
少缴税,IFRS不允许
Weighted average cost method加权平均法
Prepaid Expense预付款项
Non-current Assets非流动资产
PP&E (Property,plant and Equipment—— Tangible Assets有形/固定资产)
土地无折旧;在中国属于无形资产
Straight-line Depreciation直线折旧法
Depreciation Expense=(Cost—Residual Value)/useful life
Double declining balance depreciation 双倍折旧法
Depreciation Expense=(Cost-Accumulative depreciation)/useful life X 2
Patents专利,Trademark商标,Copyright版权 Goodwill商誉——Intangible Assets无形资产
Finantial Assets金融资产
Held-to-maturity securities持有至到期金融资产——debt security / bond
Trading Securities交易性金融资产
Available-for-sale Securities可供出售金融资产
Measurement of Assets
Historical Cost
多用于PP&E固定资产
Fair Value
Arm's-length transaction
Current cost,Realizable value,Present value,Amortized cost
Liabilities
Current liabilities
Account payable应付账款
Purchase on credit赊购
Accrued expense应计账款
wage payable, tax payable, interest payable, dividend payable
Unearned revenue预收账款
已收款,为未交货
Non-current liabilities
Debt payable 长期应付款
Long-term debt 长期带息债务
Bank loans银行贷款
Notes payable应付中期债权
Bonds payable应付长期债权
Lease payable长期租赁款
融资租赁
Owner's equity
Contributed capital已投股本
Preferred stock优先股
优先分红,优先受偿,无投票权
Common stock 正常股
有分红权,有投票权
Additional paid-in capital 股本溢价
Treasury stock库存股
无分红权,无投票权
Retained earnings留存收益
Accumulated PCI 累计其他综合收益
美国准则四项
Foreign currency translation货币折换
minimum pension liability养老金
derivations养老金
available for sale securities可出售金融资产
国际准则加一项
Revaluation surplus资产重估增值
Non-controlling ( minority) interest少数股东权益
Cash flow statement
GAAP
CFO (Cash by operating activities)经营性活动
CFI (Cash by investing activities投资性活动
CFF (Cash by financing activities)金融性活动
IFRS
Footnotes财报附注
Audited需要进行审计
会计方法/会计假设/收购兼并/法律诉讼/资产处置等情况
Supplemental Disclosure
Not audited不需要审计
MD&A (Management's Discussion and Analysis)管理层分析与讨论
Audit Report审计报告
Unqualified opinion无保留意见
Qualified Opinion保留意见
Adverse opinion否定意见
Disclaimer of opinion拒绝发表意见
Fundamental of Analysis
Profitability ration盈利能力比率
Net profit margin净利润率
Net income / Sales revenue X 100%
Gross profit margin毛利率
Gross profit / Sales revenue X 100%
Activity ratio
Liquidity ratio
Solvency ration
Valuation Ratio