国际贸易思维导图

本导图梳理了国际贸易实务第一单元的内容，包含国际贸易原因、国际贸易好处、国际贸易与国内贸易的区别、国际贸易分类、进出口程序。

General Introduction

• Resons for International Trade
  • Definition
    • The exchange of goods or services between countries
  • Resource reasons
  • Economic reasons
    • Absolute advantage
      • When a producer can produce a good or service in greater quantity forthe same cost,or the same quantity at a lower cost,than other producers.
    • Comparative advantage
      • When a country can produce a product at a lower opportunity cost than other nations.
  • Other reasons
    • Political reasons
      • Pakistan-China Economic corridor
    • Different tastes and preferences
• Benefits of International Trade
  • Larger economic growth
  • Cheaper goods or services
  • Greater Variety of goods or services
• Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade
  • Compared with domestic trade , international trade involves:
    • Different languages and cultures
    • Foreign laws ,customs and regulations or international rules
    • Foreign currencies
    • Higher risks
      • Political risks,Commercial risks,Financial risks,and Transportation risks.
    • More complex business procedures
    • Broader range of management skills
• Classification of International Trade
  • From the direction of cargo flow(物流)
    • Export trade
    • Import trade
    • Transit trade 过境贸易
      • producing countries-via a third country -consuming country
  • Types of transit trade
    • Direct transit trade
    • Indirect transit trade
  • From the number of participants involved
    • Direct trade
      • Two parties involved : the importer and the exporter
    • Indirect trade
      • Three parties involved :the exporter,the importer and the intermediate party
    • Entrepot trade 转口贸易
      • One party involved :who is the importer,the processor and also the exporter
  • From the form of the goods
    • Visible trade /Tangible goods trade 有形贸易
      • Mostly consuming goods: cars ,wines,shoes...
        • Needs customs declaration
    • Invisible trade /Intangible goods trade 无形贸易
      • Services and technology
        • Needs no customs declaration
  • From settlement instrument involved
    • Barter trade 易物贸易
      • Exchange of goods or services without an intervening medium of exchange or money .The ordest form of trade.
    • Free-liquidation trade 自由结算贸易
      • Exchange of goods or services with an intervening medium of exchange or money.Cash trade is one form of it.
  • From mode of transporation
    • Trade by Roadway/Seaway/Airway/Mail Order
• Export and Import Procedures
  • The Preparation of a Transaction
    • Selecting the right market
    • Finding the potential partner
    • Studying creditability of the partners
    • Applying for Export or Import License
  • The negotiation of the sales contract
    • Two forms of business negotiation
      • In words
        • face-to-face /by phone
      • In writing
        • business correspondence by letters,faxes,e-mails,talexes,...
    • Four main steps involved:
      • Enquiry
        • asking for price by either seller or buyer
      • Offer
        • An answer to enquiry or initiated by either or buyer.Binding force upon the offerer within the validity.
      • Counter-offer
        • addition,modification or refusal of the offer
      • Acceptance
  • The Performance of the Contract
    • Export procedure (business under CIF on L/C)
      • Examining L/C.
      • Getting goods ready.
      • Applying for mandatory inspection.
      • Receiving importer's inspection before shipment.
      • Booking shipping space after receiving L/C and getting goods ready.
      • Clearing goods for export.
      • Getting goods loaded.
      • Obtaining insurance.
      • Presenting documents for bank negotiation.
    • Import procedure (business under FOB on L/C)
      • Opening L/C.
      • Booking shipping space.
      • Inspecting and supervising at the port of shipment.
      • Obtaining insurance.
      • Examining documents and making payment.
      • Clearing the goods for import.
      • Taking delivery and inspecting.
  • The settlement of disputes
    • Negotiation协商
    • Mediation调停
    • Arbitration仲裁
    • Litigation诉讼