英语国家概况chapter12

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Education, Media and Holidays

• Education
  • Ideals of American Education
    • As many people as possible should have access to as much education as they want
    • Producing a society of literacy and local control
    • Producing a society of literacy and local control
    • Emphasis on the basic nature of knowledge and learning
    • Education is both an individual benefit and a social necessity.
    • Every American has the right and obligation to become educated.
  • Educational System
    • Elementary and Secondary Education
      • Elementary and secondary education—the basis of public education, free and compulsory, 12 grades
      • One academic year—from September through June
      • Different divisions of school systems:
      • Elementary education
        • Class size—20 to 30 students
      • Secondary education
        • Two stages: junior high school and senior high school
        • Courses: more specialized—English, social studies, algebra, geometry, etc.
        • Nine periods for a day:
          • five for academic subjects one for physical education a lunch period two study periods
        • Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT)
          • a standardized test for most college admissions in the United States. intended to assess a student's readiness for college. first introduced in 1926. seven times a year in the United States. Possible scores range from 600 to 2400, combining test results from three 800-point sections (Mathematics, Critical Reading, and Writing).
    • Higher Education
      • The beginning of higher education—the founding of Harvard College in 1636
        • a big enterprise with a complex system
      • Four categories of institutions
        • the university the four-year undergraduate institution—the college technical training institution two-year community college
      • College & University
        • Location of institutions
          • New York—308 institutions California—299 institutions Nevada and Wyoming—only nine institutions each
        • The variety of subjects
          • fine arts and practical, career-oriented fields
        • The variety of institutions
          • large, comprehensive universities and small traditional liberal arts colleges
        • Factors for students’ personal preferences
          • size, academic quality, location reputation of the faculty and department
        • The Board
          • The board of trustees (理事)—carrying out administration of colleges and universities
          • Composed primarily of laymen (非专业人士)
          • Legal body, responsible for the institution
          • Responsibilities:
            • choosing the president; establishing policies for administrators and faculty; approving the budget; the purchase and sale of real estate and other major property items, etc.
        • College Life
          • An academic year—nine months
          • Students’ organizations—clubs and activities
    • Famous Universities
      • Ivy League—including eight universities (Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, Pennsylvania, Princeton, and Yale)
      • Harvard University
        • The oldest institution of higher learning in America
      • Yale University
        • Founded in 1701 as the Collegiate School (联合学院) in Killingworth, Connecticut
      • MIT
        • MIT—Massachusetts Institute of Technology
        • Established in 1861 in Boston, moved to Cambridge in 1916
        • Institute of developing advanced administrative talents and scientific and technological talents
    • Multicultural Education
      • Schools teach the experiences and values of many ethnic cultures
      • Cultural pluralism—organizing principle of education
      • To solve problems and reach conclusions by trial and error
      • Culture influences classroom communication
      • Critical thinking, judgmental questioning, active participation, and independent and participatory learning—expected and encouraged
      • International Ss benefit from and contribute to the American educational system
• Media
  • Newspapers
    • More daily newspapers than other countries
    • Influential Newspapers
      • The New York Times
        • established in 1851, number one for editorial quality and news coverage
        • associated with the Rockefeller Interest Group and financial field
        • sold especially to the upper or upper-middle class
        • reputation for its serious attitude and great bulk (数量、容量)
      • The New York Times
        • established in 1851, number one for editorial quality and news coverage
      • The Los Angeles Times
        • established in 1881
        • third most influential
        • second biggest newspaper
  • Television and Broadcast
    • No government-owned television network
    • Major radio and TV networks
      • the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) the National Broadcasting System (NBS) the American Broadcasting System (ABS)
    • Commercials in TV—advertisements
    • One channel with no commercials
    • CNN
      • cable TV network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner a division of the Turner Broadcasting System, owned by Time Warner based in Atlanta with four channels provides programs like World Report, World Business, World Sport, World weather, World Beat (世界音乐), Hotspots (热点问题), Insight(透视), and Q & A (Question and Answer) 24-hour news coverage
    • VOA (Voice of America)
      • the most famous radio station for the expansion of propaganda to foreign countries supported and organized by the government, in Washington D.C. originally established for war information, now under the leadership of the American International Communication Bureau sending news to the world in more than 40 languages 24 hours a day
• Holidays and Festivals
  • Thanksgiving
    • The 4th Thursday in November
    • most important holiday apart from Christmas
    • Schools, offices and most businesses close the whole weekend—a vacation
    • Traditional dinner
      • turkey (filled with stuffing or dressing) sweet potatoes (also called yams) Cranberries made into a kind of sauce or jelly
  • Independence Day
    • The national day—the 4th of July
    • On this day in 1776, the Continental Congress adopted The Declaration of Independence.
    • Celebrations
      • the army—firing a thirteen-gun salute ceremonies—parades, official speeches, historic monument visits, out-door stage shows, dancing parties, boat races and firework displays