财会Chapter9 Plant and Intangible Assets

《会计学：企业决策的基础》威廉姆斯Chapter9 Plant and Intangible Assets，无形资产，固定资产，财务会计总结。

Plant and Intangible Assets

• Depreciation
  • Allocating the cost of plant and equipment over the years of use
    • The depreciation precess
      • Purchase cost->as assets purchased-> Balance sheet: Assets:Plant and Equipment-> as the services are received-> Income statement: Expenses:Depreciation
    • Book value
      • 成本减去相关的累计折旧
  • Causes of depreciation
    • Physical deterioration 有形损耗
      • Making repairs doesn't eliminate the need for recognition of depreciation
    • Obsolescence 陈旧/过时
  • Methods of computing depreciation
    • 许多公司用平均年限法（直线折旧法）记录financial statements，用加速折旧法记录income tax returns.
    • Straight-line depreciation
      • An equal portion of depreciation
      • Depreciation for fractional periods（分数周期）
        • half-year convention
    • Accelerated depreciation 加速折旧法
      • Larger amounts of depreciation in the early years
    • The decling-balance method
      • fixed-percentage-of-declining-balance depreciation 定律余额递减折旧法
        • Depreciation Expense=Remaining Book Value x Accelerated Depreciation Rate The book value decreases every year. Accelerated Depreciation Rate remains constant. The declining-balance method provides an "automatic" residual value. The asset will never be entirely written off.
        • 主要用于所得税申报表，而非财务报表
  • Financial statement disclosures 财务报表披露
    • Estimate of useful life and residual value
      • Estimated useful lives越大 Depreciation expense越小 Net income越大
    • The principle of consistency
      • 公司对于既定固定资产不能年复一年地变更记录折旧的方法，但对于不同种类资产能用不同种折旧方法
    • Revision（修订） of estimated useful lives
      • 梗概可折旧资产的估计使用寿命不会改变财报过去的时期记录的
  • The impairment of plant assets 固定资产减值
    • 将资产减值至公允价值，借记作为抵消账户。
• Other depreciation methods
  • The units-of-output method 产量法
    • 在很多情况下好比加速折旧法
  • MACRS 修正的加速成本回收制
  • Sum-of-the -years' digits
    • 一种Accelerated depreciation
  • Decelerated depreciation methods
• Disposal of plant and equipment
  • An entry should be made to update depreciation to the date of disposal. When plant assets are sold,any gain or loss on the disposal is computed by comparing the book value with the amount received from the sale. The disposal of a depreciable asset at a price equal to book value results in neither a gain nor a loss.
• Nature Resources
  • They are physically removed from natural environment and are conveted into inventory.As it is sold,this cost is transferred to COGS.
  • Depletion 损耗
• Plant transactions and the statement of cash flows
  • Cash flows relating to acquisitions and disposals of plant assets appear in the statement of cash flows,classified as investing activities. Depreciation and amortization expense both reduce net income,but they have no effect on cash flows. 对减损资产进行减值是一项非现金性支出或费用，对现金流量也不产生立即影响。
• Intangible Assets
  • Amoetization 摊销
    • 将无形资产在使用寿命期间内系统地转为费用。
    • The straight-line method normally is used
    • Debit to Amortization
    • Credit to the intangible asset
  • Goodwill 商誉
    • Estimated value of the business as awhole减去Fair market value of net identifiable assets Present value：未来现金流的现值是指一个充分占有信息的投资者为获得收取未来现金流量的权利而现在愿意支付的金额。 Net identifiable assets:可辨认净资产是指除商誉以外的所有资产减去负债。
    • 代表企业收购其他公司时为购买某些想要的无形属性而支付的金额
  • Patents
    • 大多用straight-line method
  • Trademarks and trade names
  • Franchises 特许经营权
  • Copyrights 版权
  • R&D costs 研发支出
    • R&D to Sales=R&D Costs ÷ Net Sales
• Acquisitions of Plant Assets
  • Some special considerations
    • Land
    • Land improvements
    • Buildings
    • Equipment
    • Allocation of a Lump-Sum Purchase
      • 一次性采购分配
  • Capital expenditures and revenue expenditures
    • 区别capital expenditures和revenue expenditures
    • Expenditures that are not material in dpllar amount会被记录成expense of the current peried.
    • capital支出
      • charging an expenditure to an asset account rather than an expense account. 购置或扩建固定资产的支出，记入资产账户。 Benefit several accounting periods
    • revenue支出
      • 拥有和使用固定资产及设备而发生的必要的日常修理、维护、燃料和其他项目支出，借记费用账户。 Benefit only the current period / that is not material in amount.
• Intangible Assets
• Plant assets
  • 可视作长期预付费用
  • Tangible plant assets
    • Property subject to depreciation
    • Land
      • No depreciation
  • Intangible assets
  • Natural resources