The Units of English

这是一篇关于The Units of English的思维导图，when one or more clauses are embedded into a main clause to communicate purpose ,reason, time , place , manner , or concession .

The Units of English

• English morphemes
  • • Definition
      • The smallest units of meaning
    • Categories
      • • bound morphemes(-able,re-)
        • free morphemes(suit,play)
        • affix morphemes(-ful,re-)
        • root morphemes(-ceive,suit)
        • derivational morphemes(-able,-ful) (conveying lexical meaning)
        • inflectional morphemes(-est,-ed) (convey grammatical meaning)
• English words and idioms
  • word types
    • open classes
      • nouns
      • verbs
      • adjective
      • adverbs
    • closed classes
      • pronouns
      • prepositions
      • auxiliary verbs
      • modal verb
      • particles
      • determiners
  • types of word formation
    • affixation (unsuccessful)conversion or functional shift(increase,hand)
    • compunding or composition (makeup, greenhouse)
    • blending (smoke, fog)
    • back-formation (edit )
    • acronyn (NATO)
    • initialism (USA)
    • clipping or shortening (fridge)
    • coinge (Sanwich)
    • analogy(zipper-gate)
  • phrases
    • Free combination of word (a dark room)
    • Collocation (a hand some car, a pretty girl)
    • Idioms (in the end, leave of)
  • prefabricated chunks (lexical bundles)
    • definition
      • People often talk about prefabricated chunks, or lexical bundles, which may cover such units ascollocations, idioms, and even more open units that often occur together.
    • principle of prefabrical chunks
      • at lease two words in length
      • fluently articulated, without pause in between
      • not produce based on grammatical rules
      • used repeatedly and often in the same form
• English clauses and sentences
  • clause
    • definition
      • A clause in English is one unit of organization that contains a subject - predicate structure .
    • categories
      • finite
      • non-finite:the subject of the predicate is implicit but inferable from the sentence containing the clause.
  • sentence
    • simple sentence：
      • An English sentence may be one that contains only one clause .
    • compound sentence：
      • when two or more clauses are conjoined by " and ",“ or ”,“ so ", or “ for ".
    • complex sentence:
      • when one or more clauses are embedded into a main clause to communicate purpose ,reason, time , place , manner , or concession .
    • compound complex sentence:
      • when a complex sentence is conjoined with a simple clause or another complex sentence.
    • functionally
      • declarative sentences
      • imperative sentences
      • exclamatory sentences
      • interrogative sentences
        • Yes-No question
        • WH-question
        • Tag question
        • Alternative question
        • Rhetorical question
  • Two major parts
    • The subject
      • grammatical subject :the major nominal part corresponding to the predicate.
      • logical subject: the doer or executor of the action concerned.
      • psychological subject : The First major component of the sentence like a nominal phrase,or a prepositional phrase.
    • The predicate:
      • which may contain a predicate verb plus an object,adverbial(s), a complement.
• Constructions in English
  • Definition
    • Constructions mean that integrate fom and meaning in conventionalized and often non - compositional ways .
  • non-compositional:
    • we can't derive the meaning of a construction from the meaning of the individual words that make up the construction.
  • Common types
    • ditransitive construction eg.Jane gave John an apple.
    • dative construction eg.Jane gave an apple to John.
    • It-cleft construction eg.It was Jane that John saw.
    • left dislocation construction eg.Jane,John saw her.
    • topicalization construction eg.Jane John saw.
    • resultative construction eg.Jane kissed John unconscious.