导图社区 英语语法结构
- 140
- 15
- 0
- 举报
英语语法结构
英语语法体系结构图，一次性分享给大家！很全面实用的语法知识，需要的小伙伴可以收藏一下。
编辑于2022-09-29 16:51:10 山东省- 英语语法结构
- 相似推荐
- 大纲
英语语法结构
语音
词法
词类
1.名词 n. (Nouns）
名词的分类
专有名词
指特定的人或事物等的专用名称 Henry 人名/ Paris 地名/ Spain 国名/ The United Nations 组织名称
普通名词
指人或事物等所共用的名称
可数名词
可以与不定冠词a/an 或数词连用，有单数和复数的变化。 a student/ two letters
个体名词
指某类人或事物中的个体。boy / bird / car
集体名词
指由若干个同类个体组成的，被当作一个整体来看待的集合体。class / army / crowd
不可数名词
不能与不定冠词或者数词连用，没有复数形式
物质名词
指无法划分个体的物品的名称，或也指一类具有共同特点的物品的总称。air / milk / snow / furniture / equipment
抽象名词
指动作、状态、品质等抽象概念的名称，名词表示无形的、非物质的事物。writing / health / anger / equality
名词的数
可数名词
规则变化
不规则变化
不可数名词
名词所有格
‘S所有格
Of所有隔
双重所有格
名词的句法功能
主语
宾语
表语
同位语
定语
状语
补足语
称呼语
2.代词 pron. (Pronoun)
3.冠词 art. (Article)
4.数词 num. (Numberal)
5. 动词 v. (Verb)
系动词
助动词
实义动词
非谓语动词
不定式
动名词
现在分词
过去分词
动词的时态
动词的语态
情态动词
6. 形容词 adj.(Adjective)
7. 副词 adv.(Adverb)
8. 介词 prep. (Preposition)
9. 连词 conj. (Conjunction)
10. 感叹词 interj. (Interjection)
构词法
合成法
转化法
派生法
缩略法
句法
句子八大成分
主语
主语的含义
主语是句子陈述的对象，说明是谁或什么，表示句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事”。 主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。主语可以用这些词类或形式来充当：名词、代词、动名词、数词、动词不定式或不定式短语、从句等。
作主语的各种成分
1.名词作主语 Our school is not var from my house.
2.代词作主语 We like our school very much.
3.数词作主语 Two plus two is four.
4.动名词作主语 Being a foreigner was not a handicap.
5.动词不定式作主语 To see is to believe.
6.从句作主语 What I mean is to work harder.
谓语
谓语的含义
谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明，指出“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”，一般位于主语之后。谓语动词能够体现不同的时态和语态。 I like walking. 一般现在时，主动语态 I made your birthday cake last night. 一般过去时，主动语态 It is used by travellers and businessmen all over the world. 一般现在时，被动语态
复合谓语的两种情况
1.由“情态动词/助动词＋主要动词”构成的复合谓语 I won't do it again. You'd better catch a bus.
2.由“连系动词＋表语”构成的复合谓语 You look the same. The weather gets warmer, and the days gets longer.
宾语
宾语的含义
宾语是动作、行为的对象，是动作的承受者，宾语由名词，代词，不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来充当，当然也可以由一个句子来充当，称之为宾语从句。一个句子中不一定只有一个宾语。 英语的及物动词之后必须有宾语，宾语一般放在及物动词之后，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么，除及物动词有宾语之外，英语的介词后面也要有宾语，另外某些形容词如worth，careful等后也可以有宾语。The book is worth reading.
作宾语的各种成分
1.名词作宾语 She is playing the piano now.
2.代词作宾语 We all like him.
3. 数词作宾语 Give me four.
4. 不定式作宾语 We all like to go to school. 不定式to go to school作like的宾语，school作to的宾语
5.动名词作宾语 We all like swimming.
6. 从句作宾语 I think he is right.
宾语的分类
直接宾语 直接宾语表示动作的承受着，一般是物
间接宾语 间接宾语表示动作是对谁或为谁做的，一般是人，这两个宾语统称为“双宾语”
定语
定语的含义
作定语的各种成分
1.形容词作定语 The little boy needs a blue pen. Two boys need two pens. 数词作定语相当于形容词
2.名词作定语 The boy needs a ball pen.
3. 代词或名词所有格作定语 His boy needs Tom's pen. There are two boys of Tom's.
4.副词作定语 The boy there needs a pen.
5. 介词短语作定语 The boy in blue is Tom.
6. 不定式作定语 The boy to write this letter needs a pen.
7.分词（短语）作定语 The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.
8. 从句作定语 There are five boys who will play the game.
定语的位置
1.前置定语 用在所修饰的词之前，单个单词作定语通常放在它所修饰的词之前
❤️在英语里，一般定语前置时的次序为限定词，形容词，分词，动名词和名词性定语。但当几个形容词同时出现在名词短语之前时，要注意其次序。形容词遵循的次序为“限观形龄色国材用”既限定词（一般指数量），外观（美丽等），形状（大小高矮胖瘦），年龄，颜色，国籍，材料，用途。 a famous American university an interesting little red French oil painting
2.后置定语 用在所修饰的词之后，短语和从句作定语时放在所修饰的词之后
1.短语作定语一般后置 It was a conference fruitful of results. He gave me a basket full of eggs.
2.some, any, no, every等词构成的不定代词的定语需后置 Let's go somewhere quiet.
3.副词作定语需后置 The people here are very friendly.
4. 起强调作用的单个分词作定语时需后置 Everybody involved should stay here.
状语
❤️状语的含义
英语中修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语，状语的作用是说明地点，时间，原因，目的，结果，条件，方向，程度，方式和伴随状态等。状语一般由副词，介词短语，分词和分词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来充当，其位置一般在句末，但也可在句首或句中。
作状语的各种成分
1.副词一般在句中作状语 副词常用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或全句，说明，时间，地点，程度，方式等概念。 Soon the lost boy found his way back home.
形容词作状语，具有副词功能，表示原因，伴随，时间，结果等，一般与全句用逗号隔开，可置于句首句中和句末。它在意义上相当于一个状语从句
1.表原因 Greatly disappointed, he decided to leave the place.
2. 表行为方式或伴随状态 He approached us, full of apologies.
3.表时间或条件 Enthusiastic, they are quite cooperative.
4.表结果 For a moment she just stood there, unable to believe what had just happened.
5. 表让步 Wet or fine, he got up at six and took a walk in the park.
6. 表说话人的态度 More important, he's got a steady job.
2. 不定式在句中可以作目的状语 I come specially to see you.
3. 介词短语作状语 The boy was praised for his bravery.
4. 从句作状语 If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.
5.分词作状语 Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper.
表语
表语的含义
表语用来说明主语的身份，性质，品性，特征和状态。表语常由名词，代词，形容词，副词，数词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语，从句来充当。常位于连系动词（be, become, appear, seem等)之后。
作表语的各种成分
1.名词作表语 Africa is a big continent.
2. 代词作表语 The book is mine.
3. 形容词作表语 I feel much better today.
4. 副词作表语 I was here.
5. 数词作表语 Five and four is nine.
6. 不定式作表语 Her wish is to become a singer.
7. 动名词作表语 Her job is selling computers.
8. 分词作表语 The problem is quite pressing. The door remained locked.
9. 介词短语作表语 The patient is out of danger.
10. 从句作表语（表语从句） This is what he said.
补语
补语的定义
补语一般包括主语补语和宾语补语，重点讲宾语补语 宾语补语通常紧跟在宾语之后，对宾语进行补充说明，形容词，副词，名词，介词短语，不定式，分词等均可做宾语补语。
句子结构 主+谓+宾+宾补
主表型 make our country beautiful 形容词充当宾补 call him Lao Li 名词充当宾补 find sb. out 副词充当宾补 find sb. at home 介词短语充当宾补
主谓型 ask sb. to do sth. 有to不定式充当宾补 have sb. do sth. 无to不定式充当宾补 see sb. doing sth. 现在分词充当宾补 have sth. done 过去分词充当宾补
某些动词后可有宾语补足语
1.表示心理状态的动词后可有宾语补足语，如consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, prove等。这类动词的不定式通常是“to be +形容词或名词”结构性。think, consider, find后to be 常可省略。 We consider home(to be)a good teacher.
2. 表示情感状态的动词后可有宾语补语。这类动词有love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。 I want him to close the door 注意hope, demand, suggest 等动词后不能接不定式作宾语补语 Mr. Li suggested that she should not go there along.
作宾语补语的各种成分
1.常接形容词作宾语补足语的动词有keep, make, find等 We must keep our classroom clean.
2. 副词作宾语补足语 I found him out yesterday.
3. 常接名词作宾语补足语的动词有call, name, make, think等 We call them moon cakes.
4. 常接介词短语作宾语补足语的动词有keep, find, leave等 I left my pen on my desk at home.
5. 不定式作宾语补足语
1.常接带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有ask, tell, want, teach, advise, allow, beg, command, invite等
2.常接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有see, watch, hear, make, let等 I often see him play football.
3.help后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式可以带to也可以不带to I often help my mother (to) do some housework.
❤️4. 在感官动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语，不定式不带to，这些动词可归纳为“一感二听三让四观看” 一感：feel 二听：hear, listen to 三让：let, have, make 四观看：observe, see, watch, look at Let him do whatever he wishes to do. Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.
6.分词作宾语补足语 现在分词作宾补说明宾语是动作的发出者，构成逻辑上的主谓关系 过去分词作宾补表示宾语是动作的承受者，构成逻辑上的动宾关系
用分词作宾补的动词有catch, have, get, keep, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set There was so much noise that the speaker couldn't make him heard. In the country, we can hear birds singing.
❤️用过去分词作宾语补足语
1.感官动词see, hear, notice, observe, watch, feel, find等后，可以用过去分词作宾语补足语 I saw an old man knocked by a car just now.
2. 使役动词have, get, make, leave, keep等后，可以用过去分词作宾语补足语 Have you got your films developed?
3. “With+宾语＋过去分词”，过去分词用作介词with的宾语补足语。这一结构通常在句中作时间，方式，条件，原因状语等 The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 表方式 With water heated, we can see the steam. 表条件
同位语
同位语的含义
同位语通常位于名词之后，有时也可以位于其他词或结构之后。对其前面的内容做解释说明，两者在语法上处于同等地位，单词，短语和从句均可充当同位语。
作同位语的各种成分
1.单词作同位语
1.名词作同位语 We Chinese are brave and hardworking.
2. 数词作同位语 She is the oldest among them six.
3. 代词作同位语 I myself will do the experiment,.
2.短语作同位语
1.名词短语作同位语 The city of Shanghai has changed a lot.
2.动名词短语作同位语 She likes her job, teaching English.
3. 不定式短语作同位语 The question what to do next hasn't been considered.
3.从句作同位语
子主题
同位语的标志词
1.namely, that is (to say), in other words等表示等同关系 Only one boy, namely Harry, was absent.
2. for example, for instance, such as, including等表示列举关系 Many great men have risen from poverty, for example, Lincoln and Edison.
3.especially, particularly 等表示突出某一点 The children like these animals, particularly the monkeys.
句子的分类
按其语气分四类
陈述句
陈述句陈述一个事实或者说话人的看法
肯定句
基本结构“主＋谓”
否定句
❤️否定句类型
1.部分否定 “all/both/every/each+谓语＋not”意为“有的是，有的不是” All of them are not students. (= Some of them are students, and some are not)
2. 全部否定 用not, no, never, neither, none, nothing 等否定词，表示“完全不是，完全不”的意思 Nothing is wrong with me.
3. 双重否定 其结果是肯定的, never...without... 表示双重否定，没有......绝不....., 每一...... 必...... There was no one who did not feel sympathy for the victims of the accident. (=Everyone felt sympathy for the victims of the accidents.) The dog never crosses a street without stopping at the curb.
❤️否定句的表达方式
使用副词否定词not
1. not用在系动词，助动词，情态动词之后构成否定句，常可缩略为n't 注意 "am+not"的缩略形式是ain't, 一般不用于标准英语或正式场合 can的否定形式是cannot/can't, 不可写成can not/cann't 情态动词had better的否定形式为had better not, not不能缩写 情态动词ought to的否定形式为 ought not to/oughtn't to
2. 当think, believe, suppose等谓语动词引导宾语从句，且主语是第一人称，主句谓语是一般现在时，其否定句使用助动词do, 否定词not通常转移到主句中，即否定主句。 I don't think he will come.
使用not以外的否定词
1.副词never, seldom, hardly, little, neither等 She seldom comes to see me.
2. 形容词no, few, little He has few friends in Hong Kong.
3. 代词nothing, nobody, none等 I found nobody in that house.
疑问句
疑问句的主要交际功能是提出问题，询问情况。
1.一般疑问句
一般疑问句通常用来询问一件事情是否属实，答句通常是Yes或No，所以一般疑问句又称作“是非问句”
1.由肯定的陈述句转化的一般疑问句 Have you been living here?
2. 否定的一般疑问句 Can't he drive? 他不是会开车吗？ Don't you want to go? 你难道不想去吗？
回答否定形式的一般疑问句的注意事项 -Is he not a student? 他不是学生吗？ -Yes, he is. 不，他是学生。 Yes 和No 是对答语的肯定或否定，而不是对问句的肯定或否定。只要答语是肯定的，就用“Yes+肯定结构”；答语是否定的，就用“No+否定结构”
2.选择疑问句
提出两个或两个以上可能的答案供对方选择
选择疑问句的结构
1.一般疑问句＋or+选择部分 Would you like a gin, a whisky, or a beer?
2.特殊疑问句＋选项A+or+选项B Which vase shall I use, the short one or the tall one?
选择疑问句的回答
选择疑问句，不能用yes或no来回答，应根据具体问题进行回答，一般用完整的句子或者省略形式来回答。 -How shall we go, on foot or by bus? -We shall go on foot.
3.特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句是以疑问词开头，对句中某一成分提问的句子。常用的疑问词有what，who，whose，which，when，where，how，why等
❤️特殊疑问句的语序
1.当疑问词作主语或主语的定语，即对主语或主语的定语提问时，其语序是陈述语序“疑问词（＋主语）＋谓语动词＋加其他成分。 Who is singing in the room?
2. 疑问词作其他成分，即对其他成分提问时，语序是“疑问词＋一般疑问句” What class are you in?
3. 带插入语的特殊疑问句，语序是“疑问词＋do you think /believe /suppose (等词)+陈述语序（宾语从句）”
特殊疑问句的回答
特殊疑问句不能用yes或no来回答，而应根据所询问的内容做具体回答。 -What time is it? -It's 5：30.
4.反义疑问句
❤️含义和各种用法
反义疑问句又叫附加疑问句，是指当提问的人对前面所叙述的事实不敢肯定，而需要向对方加以证实时所提出的问句。其结构为前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简单的问句。完成后一部分简单问句时，要根据前面陈述句的动词时态和人称来选择适当的助动词进行提问，前后两部分的人称和动词时态要保持一致。如果前一部分用肯定式后一部分一般用否定式，前一部分为否定式，后一部分要用肯定式 （1）陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用aren't I I'm as tall as your sister, aren't I? （2）陈述部分的谓语是wish, 疑问部分要用“may+主语” I wish to have a word with you, may I? （3）❤️陈述部分有no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等表示否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定式 The Swede made no answer, did he? （4）含有ought to的反义疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用“shouldn't /oughtn't +主语” He ought to know what to do, oughtn't/shouldn't he? （5）陈述部分有“have to/had to+v. ”, 疑问部分常用“don't/didn't +主语” We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we? （6）陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用“didn't /usedn't+主语” He used to take pictures there, didn't/usedn't he? （7）陈述部分有“had better+v. ”，疑问部分用“hadn't+主语” You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you? （8）陈述部分有“would rather+v.”，疑问部分多用“wouldn't+主语” He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he? （9）陈述部分有“You'd like to +v. ”疑问部分用wouldn't you You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you? （10）陈述部分为省略句时，反义疑问句的主语通常应视省略的情况而定 A nice girl, isn't she? What a nice day, isn't it? （11）陈述部分是由neither...... nor....., either...... or...... 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际意义而定 Neither your nor I am an engineer, are we? （12）❤️陈述部分的主语是指示代词或不定代词，如everything，nothing，that，this时，疑问部分主语用it Everything is ready，isn't it? 当陈述部分主语是everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one 等指代人的不定代词时，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he Everyone knows the answer, don't they /doesn't he? Nobody knows it, do they /does he? （13）陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句时，疑问部分有三种情况。 并列复合句疑问部分的谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定 Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, and he should have been in China now, shouldn't he? 带有定语从句、宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定。 He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he? He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he? ❤️陈述部分主句谓语是think，suppose, believe, expect, imagine, guess等，且主句主语为第一人称时，反义疑问句部分与从句的主语和谓语保持一致（注意否定转移） I don't think he is wrong, is he? （14）带情态动词dare或need的反义疑问句，若陈述部分是否定的，疑问部分常用“need/dare+主语” We need not to do it again, need we? He dare not say so, dare he? 当dare/need为实义动词时，疑问部分用“助动词do/does+主语” She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she? （15）❤️省去主语的祈使句的反义疑问句，疑问部分用will you/won't you/would you Don't do that again, will you? Go with me, will you/won't you? If you want help, let me know, would you? 注意：Let's 开头的祈使句，疑问部分用shall; Let us 开头的祈使句，疑问部分用will you Let's go and listen to the music, shall we? Let us wait for him in the reading room, will you? （16）陈述部分是There be结构时，疑问部分用there，省略主语代词 There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there? There will not be any trouble, will there? （17）带否定前缀的词在功能上不视为否定词 It is impossible!, isn't it? He is not unkind to his classmates, is he? （18）陈述部分含有情态动词must时，要分两种情况：一种是must表示“必须”或“有必要”，疑问部分常用needn't ；另一种是must表示推测，意为“一定”，根据其推测的情况来确定反义疑问句 You must leave at once, needn't you? It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it?
感叹句
感叹句是表达喜怒哀乐及奇怪惊讶等强烈感情的句子。感叹句通常由what或how引导，what做定语修饰名词（名词前可有形容词和冠词），how做状语，修饰形容词，副词或句子。
1.由what引导的感叹句
1.What+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！ What a nice present it is!
2.What+形容词+可数名词复数+主语+谓语！ What beautiful flowers they are!
3.What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语！ What fine weather it is today!
2.由how引导的感叹句
1.How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！ How careful she is!
2.How+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！ How beautiful a girl she is!
3.How+主语+谓语！ How time flies!
祈使句
祈使句表示请求，命令，劝告，祝愿或建议的句子。祈使句的主语一般为第二人称，但往往省略。
祈使句的作用
主要用于提出请求，发出邀请，给予指示、忠告或警告。也可用于发出命令等。
祈使句的特点
一般不出现主语但有时为了指明向谁请求或命令，；谓语动词一律用原形；否定式一律在动词前面加don't Come this way, madam. Someone fetch a pail of water. Don't lose the key.
祈使句一种常用结构
“祈使句+and/then/or+陈述句” Work hard, and you will pass the exam.
祈使句的否定形式
1.don't+动词原形 Don't walk on the grass.
2. Let引导的祈使句，如果后面跟第一，三人称名词或代词的宾格，可在let前面加don't。也可在let后面的名词或代词的宾格后面加not。 Don't let me go with her tomorrow. Let me not go with her tomorrow.
3. Let's 引导的祈使句，必须在let's 后面加not Let's not tell her truth whenever we meet her.
使用祈使句应注意
1.祈使句的谓语总是用动词原形，有时为了加强语气，可在动词前加do Be quiet! Do come on time!.
2. 与please连用以使语气委婉，please可用于祈使句句首（其后通常不要逗号）或句末（其前通常用逗号） Please don't get angry. Drive more slowly, please.
按结构分为三类
简单句（五种基本句型+there be句型）
只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语），即只包含一个主谓结构的句子，叫做简单句。
1.主语+谓语（不及物动词）+（状语） We are working. Birds sing beautifully. He has gone to London for holiday. We stooped to have a rest.
这种句型常与副词，介词短语，不定式，分词等状语连用。 该句型中的谓语动词大多是不及物动词，不能带宾语。如果非要带宾语，其后必须加介词。常见的不及物动词由apologize, happen, appear, come, arrive, listen, die, exist, rise等。
2.主语+系动词+表语 I am a boy. What she said sounds interesting. She is from America. My hobby is reading.
做表语的可以是名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词等。
3.主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语 I like music. They want to help him. I don't know what to do.
作宾语的可以是名词，代词，不定式，动名词等 接不定式作宾语的动词attempt, dare, decide, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish 等 接动名词作宾语的动词admit, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, finish, forbid, mind, miss, practice, risk, suggest, give up, can't help 等
4.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 主语+谓语+直接宾语+介词（to/for)+间接宾语 She sent me some books. Dad bought me a pair of shoes.
与介词to连用的动词give, hand, leave, lend, offer, pass, sell, send, show, teach, tell等 与介词for连用的动词buy, choose, get, leave, make, save, sing 等
5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 We named our baby Tom. She keeps everything in good order. Mike tried to make himself understood. I heard her singing.
作宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，介词短语，不定式，分词等
there be句型 "There be+主语+状语"表示“某处存在某物” There is a teacher in the classroom. There is a pen and two books on the desk. There are four seasons in a year. There used to be a castle at the foot of the hill.
There是引导词本身无词义，be是谓语动词, 有时态变化, 且谓语动词的数要跟be后面的名词即主语的数保持一致，根据就近原则变换be的单复数形式。be动词还可以换成其他动词，如used to be，seem to be， appear to be， lie，live， stand， exist，remain，come，appear，enter，follow，occur等。
并列句
两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词或标点符号连接而成的句子叫做并列句。
1.表示并列关系的并列连词有and, neither...nor..., not only...but(also)..., both...and... 等 They sat down and talked about something. Not only did the students dance, but(also) teachers sang songs.
2.表示转折或对比关系的并列连词有but, yet, while, still, whereas, nevertheless 等 He worked hard, but he failed to pass the text. I do every single bit of housework while my husband just does the dishes now and then,.
3. 表示选择关系的并列连词有or, otherwise, either...or... 等 Would you like a cup of tea or coffee? Start right now, otherwise you'll miss the train. Either you or I am right.
4. 表示因果关系的并列连词有so, for, thus等 He had his leg broken, so he couldn't go out to play. We'd better stay at home, for it is raining.
复合句
复合句分为并列复合句和从属（或主从）复合句。并列复合句是指并列句子中的两个分句中又内含从句；从属复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是句子的主体，通常可以独立存在，从句充当某种句子成分不能独立存在，根据从句充当的成分，从属复合句可分为定语从句，状语从句，名词性从句。
定语从句
定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词或代词即先行词，定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which等 关系副词有when，where，why等
关系代词引导的定语从句 who, whom, whose, that, which
关系代词所代替的先行词是表示人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语，宾语，定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1.who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中所起的作用如下 Is he the man who/that wants to see you? （who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday. （whom/that 在从句中作宾语）
2.whose用来指人或物，只用作定语；若指物，他还可以和of which互换 They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
3. which, that所替代的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在句中可作主语，宾语等 A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. （which/that 在句中作主语） The package(which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. （which/that在句中作宾语）
关系副词引导的定语从句 when, where, why
关系副词可替代的先行词是表示时间，地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语 关系副词when，where，why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。 There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 注意：介词后面的关系词不能省略，that前不能有介词
判断关系代词和关系副词
方法一，用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要用关系代词，而不及物动词就要用关系副词。 This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 方法二，准确判断关系词在定语从句中充当的成分（主宾定状），也能选择出关系代词或关系副词关系。关系词在从句中作主语，定语，宾语时，选择关系代词（who，whom，that which，whose）；关系词在从句中作状语时，选择关系副词（where地点状语，when时间状语, why原因状语)
限制性和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句对先行词而言是不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确。 ❤️非限制性定语从句是对先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，他与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。 如This is the house which we bought last month. The house，which we bought last month，is very nice. 注意关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句？
as, which引导的非限制性定语从句
在as, which引导的非限制性定语从句中，as和which可指代整个主句，as一般放在句首位置，which在句中相当于and this或and that. As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
关系代词that的用法
只能用that的情况
1.当先行词本身是all，few，little， much，none， everything，anything，nothing等不定代词时，关系代词通常用that，不用which。
2.当先行词被all，every，no，little，few，one，the only，the very，the right(恰当的), the last, the same等修饰时, 关系代词通常用that, 不用which
3.当先行词被序数词(包括last next等)或形容词最高级修饰时, 关系代词通常用that, 不用which
4.当先行词既有人又有物时，通常用that不用which。
5.当先行词在主句中作表语，关系代词在定语从句中作表语时，通常用that，不用which。
6.当主句中有who或which时会避免重复，常用that
不能用that的情况
1.介词前置时
2.引导非限制性定语从句时
先行词本身是that时
状语从句9种
状语从句在复合句中作状语，根据句子的含义，它可以表示时间，地点，原因，目的，结果，条件，方式，比较，让步等。 时间状语从句when, as, while, before, after, since, once, till/until, as soon as, hardly( Scarcely)...when..., no sooner...than..., the moment, immediately, directly, instantly, every time, each time, next time, by the time 地点状语从句where, wherever 原因状语从句because, as, since, in that, seeing(that), now that, considering(that) 目的状语从句so that, in order that, in case, for fear that 结果状语从句so...that..., so that, such...that... 条件状语从句，if, unless, as long as, in case, supposing, on condition that, providing, provided(that), suppose(that) 方式状语从句as, just as, as if/though 比较状语从句as...as, not so(as)... as, than, the more...the more 让步状语从句as, although, though, even if/though, whether...or not, while, however, whatever, no matter
1.时间状语从句
1.when引导的从句的谓语动词既可以是延续性动词，又可以是瞬间动词，可用于主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作发生的情况。 When the film ended, people went back. 注意：when有时可用作并列连词，引导并列句，意为“正在这（那）时”，相当于and at that time。常用于be doing sth./be about to do sth./be on the point of doing sth. when...(刚要... 时突然...)等句式 We were about to leave when he came in.
2.while引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的，强调主句和从句的动作同时发生 Please don't talk so loud while others are working. 注意：while有时可用作并列连词，意为“而，却”，表示对比 I like playing football while you like playing basketball.
3. as表示“随着，在... 的同时，一边...一边... ”, 引导的动作是
2.地点状语从句
3.原因状语从句
4.目的状语从句
5.结果状语从句
6.条件状语从句
7.方式状语从句
8.比较状语从句
9.让步状语从句
名词性从句
1.主语从句
2.宾语从句
3.表语从句
4.同位语从句
特殊句式
倒装句
省略句
强调句
虚拟语气
独立主格
平行结构