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这是一篇关于With reference to the period u的思维导图,主要内容有The Unrestricted Submarine Warfare、Views of the elites、Public opinions等。
编辑于2022-11-13 21:40:46 上海这是一篇关于With reference to the period u的思维导图,主要内容有The Unrestricted Submarine Warfare、Views of the elites、Public opinions等。
The Causes and Effects of the……:Suez Crisis、Cuban Missile Crisis……
大家都知道杜甫,“诗圣”杜甫,曾也是一个平平凡凡的普通人,有关于杜甫生平的思维导图和一些自己的小想法~
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这是一篇关于With reference to the period u的思维导图,主要内容有The Unrestricted Submarine Warfare、Views of the elites、Public opinions等。
The Causes and Effects of the……:Suez Crisis、Cuban Missile Crisis……
大家都知道杜甫,“诗圣”杜甫,曾也是一个平平凡凡的普通人,有关于杜甫生平的思维导图和一些自己的小想法~
With reference to the period up to 1918, discuss the reasons for, and the impact of, US entry into the First World War.
Reasons
The Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
On 7 May 1915, 128 Americans died when the British Passenger ship Lusitania was sunk by a German submarine
President Woodrow Wilson demanded an apology and warned the United States would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare
More Americans died after the sinking of SS Arabic in August
Wilson argued he was "too proud to fight"
The Germans sunk ten American merchant ships from February 3, 1917
The pro-war sentiment grew, the American opinions had been more negative toward the German Empire than towards any other country in Europe, and the American people increasingly came to see the German Empire as the aggressor.
Views of the elites
The Atlanticists
Overtly pro-Allied, this group had championed American intervention in the war
Advocated for an enduring postwar alliance with France and Great Britain, which they saw as vital to maintaining America's future security
Supporters included former President Theodore Roosevelt, Major General Leonard Wood, lawyer and diplomat Joseph Hodges Choate, former Secretary of War Henry Stimson
They were the main propellers of the Preparedness Movement
Public opinions
Historians such as Ernest R. May have approached the process of American entry into the war as a study in how public opinion changed radically in three years' time
Partisanship
About half the Socialists, typified by Congressman Meyer London, supported the decision and sided with the pro-Allied efforts
African Americans
W. E. B. Du Bois called on African-Americans to "fight shoulder to shoulder with the world to gain a world where war shall be no more"
Once the war began and black men were drafted, they worked to achieve equality
Southern region
1915, 1916 and early 1917 were all years when Charleston were all gripped by sentiment that was very "pro-British and anti-German
Pro-Allied immigrants
Some British immigrants worked actively for intervention
Immigrants from eastern Europe usually cared more about politics in their homeland than politics in the United States
Spokesmen for Slavic immigrants hoped that an Allied victory would bring independence for their homelands
Large numbers of Hungarian immigrants who were liberal and nationalist in sentiment, and sought an independent Hungary
Albanian-Americans in communities such as Boston also campaigned for entry into the war, as well as hopeful the war would lead to an independent Albania which would be free from the Ottoman Empire
Preparedness Movement
The US Army was to double in size to 11,300 officers and 208,000 men, with no reserves, and a National Guard that would be enlarged in five years to 440,000 men
The navalists took control in the Senate and authorized a rapid three-year buildup of all classes of warships. A new weapons system, naval aviation, received $3.5 million, and the government was authorized to build its own armor-plate factory.
The Preparedness Movement made the US fully prepared for participating the War, since a well-established army was the prerequisite for the US to make decision of whether they chose to intervene or not
Bureaucratic communications between the US and Germany
Kendrick Clements claims bureaucratic decision-making was one of the main sources pushing the United States to declaring war on Germany and aligning itself with the Allies.
Germany's submarines obey outdated 18th century sailing laws as one of the first missteps by the United States bureaucracy regarding the war
Britain had cut all cable communications leading out of Germany, including the trans-Atlantic cable
The lack of communications made the US-German Communications less effective, and precipitated to war due to a great amount of trivial misunderstandings
Zimmermann Telegram, 1917
Arthur Zimmermann, the German foreign minister
Germany tried to line up new allies, Mexico
Zimmermann invited Mexico to join in a war against the United States if the United States declared war on Germany
Germany promised to pay for Mexico's costs and to help it recover the territory forcibly annexed by the United States in 1848
Anger grew further as the Germans began sinking American ships, even as isolationists in the Senate launched a filibuster to block legislation for arming American merchant ships to defend themselves
Impacts
US forces on the war
A numerous personnel supplement
By the summer of 1918, about 2 million U.S. soldiers had arrived in France
The US Army arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day, at a time when the Germans were unable to replace their losses
The US Army participated as critical factor in helping the Allies to win the important battles at the final stage of the war
The Americans won a victory at Cantigny, then again in defensive stands at Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood
The Americans helped the British Empire, French and Portuguese forces defeat and turn back the powerful final German offensive
The Americans played a role in the Allied final offensive
The infusion of new and fresh U.S. troops greatly strengthened the Allies' strategic position and boosted morale
Navy's efforts
The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division, earning a unit Croix de Guerre for their actions at Château-Thierry, Belleau Wood, and Séchault
Financial assistance and shipments
In total, $21 billion in bonds were sold with interest from 3.5 to 4.7 percent
After the U.S. entered in April 1917, the Treasury made $10 billion in long-term loans to Britain, France and the other allies
American Fund for French Wounded
Sought autonomy from the London leadership in order to concentrate on providing aid to the French war effort
Sending supplies to emergency hospitals in France
Re-establishing the destroyed communities of the region
Creating temporary depots in small villages
In January 1918, the U.S. Fuel Administrator ordered industrial plants east of Mississippi to close for a week to free up oil for Europe
Munition supplies
The US effort to produce and ship war material to France was characterized by several factors
Artillery
Major production snarls occurred with most of the artillery programs\
Motor Vehicles
Some 11,500 Jeffery / Nash Quads were built between 1913 and 1919
During World War I, with over 14,000 FWD Model B actually delivered
Diplomacy
The U.S. had no treaty with the Allies, but did have high level contacts
Wilson assigned Colonel House the central role in working with British officials
Balfour Mission
Britain asked for naval help against the submarine menace
France sent a separate mission
Both missions were eager was to publicize the Allied cause and work on plans for wartime cooperation