With reference to the period u

这是一篇关于With reference to the period u的思维导图，主要内容有The Unrestricted Submarine Warfare、Views of the elites、Public opinions等。

With reference to the period up to 1918, discuss the reasons for, and the impact of, US entry into the First World War.

• Reasons
  • The Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
    • On 7 May 1915, 128 Americans died when the British Passenger ship Lusitania was sunk by a German submarine
      • President Woodrow Wilson demanded an apology and warned the United States would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare
    • More Americans died after the sinking of SS Arabic in August
      • Wilson argued he was "too proud to fight"
    • The Germans sunk ten American merchant ships from February 3, 1917
    • The pro-war sentiment grew, the American opinions had been more negative toward the German Empire than towards any other country in Europe, and the American people increasingly came to see the German Empire as the aggressor.
  • Views of the elites
    • The Atlanticists
      • Overtly pro-Allied, this group had championed American intervention in the war
      • Advocated for an enduring postwar alliance with France and Great Britain, which they saw as vital to maintaining America's future security
      • Supporters included former President Theodore Roosevelt, Major General Leonard Wood, lawyer and diplomat Joseph Hodges Choate, former Secretary of War Henry Stimson
    • They were the main propellers of the Preparedness Movement
  • Public opinions
    • Historians such as Ernest R. May have approached the process of American entry into the war as a study in how public opinion changed radically in three years' time
    • Partisanship
      • About half the Socialists, typified by Congressman Meyer London, supported the decision and sided with the pro-Allied efforts
    • African Americans
      • W. E. B. Du Bois called on African-Americans to "fight shoulder to shoulder with the world to gain a world where war shall be no more"
      • Once the war began and black men were drafted, they worked to achieve equality
    • Southern region
      • 1915, 1916 and early 1917 were all years when Charleston were all gripped by sentiment that was very "pro-British and anti-German
    • Pro-Allied immigrants
      • Some British immigrants worked actively for intervention
      • Immigrants from eastern Europe usually cared more about politics in their homeland than politics in the United States
        • Spokesmen for Slavic immigrants hoped that an Allied victory would bring independence for their homelands
        • Large numbers of Hungarian immigrants who were liberal and nationalist in sentiment, and sought an independent Hungary
        • Albanian-Americans in communities such as Boston also campaigned for entry into the war, as well as hopeful the war would lead to an independent Albania which would be free from the Ottoman Empire
  • Preparedness Movement
    • The US Army was to double in size to 11,300 officers and 208,000 men, with no reserves, and a National Guard that would be enlarged in five years to 440,000 men
    • The navalists took control in the Senate and authorized a rapid three-year buildup of all classes of warships. A new weapons system, naval aviation, received $3.5 million, and the government was authorized to build its own armor-plate factory.
    • The Preparedness Movement made the US fully prepared for participating the War, since a well-established army was the prerequisite for the US to make decision of whether they chose to intervene or not
  • Bureaucratic communications between the US and Germany
    • Kendrick Clements claims bureaucratic decision-making was one of the main sources pushing the United States to declaring war on Germany and aligning itself with the Allies.
    • Germany's submarines obey outdated 18th century sailing laws as one of the first missteps by the United States bureaucracy regarding the war
    • Britain had cut all cable communications leading out of Germany, including the trans-Atlantic cable
    • The lack of communications made the US-German Communications less effective, and precipitated to war due to a great amount of trivial misunderstandings
  • Zimmermann Telegram, 1917
    • Arthur Zimmermann, the German foreign minister
    • Germany tried to line up new allies, Mexico
      • Zimmermann invited Mexico to join in a war against the United States if the United States declared war on Germany
      • Germany promised to pay for Mexico's costs and to help it recover the territory forcibly annexed by the United States in 1848
    • Anger grew further as the Germans began sinking American ships, even as isolationists in the Senate launched a filibuster to block legislation for arming American merchant ships to defend themselves
• Impacts
  • US forces on the war
    • A numerous personnel supplement
      • By the summer of 1918, about 2 million U.S. soldiers had arrived in France
      • The US Army arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day, at a time when the Germans were unable to replace their losses
    • The US Army participated as critical factor in helping the Allies to win the important battles at the final stage of the war
      • The Americans won a victory at Cantigny, then again in defensive stands at Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood
      • The Americans helped the British Empire, French and Portuguese forces defeat and turn back the powerful final German offensive
      • The Americans played a role in the Allied final offensive
    • The infusion of new and fresh U.S. troops greatly strengthened the Allies' strategic position and boosted morale
    • Navy's efforts
      • The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division, earning a unit Croix de Guerre for their actions at Château-Thierry, Belleau Wood, and Séchault
  • Financial assistance and shipments
    • In total, $21 billion in bonds were sold with interest from 3.5 to 4.7 percent
    • After the U.S. entered in April 1917, the Treasury made $10 billion in long-term loans to Britain, France and the other allies
    • American Fund for French Wounded
      • Sought autonomy from the London leadership in order to concentrate on providing aid to the French war effort
        • Sending supplies to emergency hospitals in France
        • Re-establishing the destroyed communities of the region
        • Creating temporary depots in small villages
    • In January 1918, the U.S. Fuel Administrator ordered industrial plants east of Mississippi to close for a week to free up oil for Europe
  • Munition supplies
    • The US effort to produce and ship war material to France was characterized by several factors
    • Artillery
      • Major production snarls occurred with most of the artillery programs\
    • Motor Vehicles
      • Some 11,500 Jeffery / Nash Quads were built between 1913 and 1919
      • During World War I, with over 14,000 FWD Model B actually delivered
  • Diplomacy
    • The U.S. had no treaty with the Allies, but did have high level contacts
    • Wilson assigned Colonel House the central role in working with British officials
      • Balfour Mission
      • Britain asked for naval help against the submarine menace
    • France sent a separate mission
    • Both missions were eager was to publicize the Allied cause and work on plans for wartime cooperation