Invitations to Linguistics-Chapter

语言学教程 胡壮麟第五版 主要介绍了 Invitations to Linguistics-Chapter的相关内容。

Invitations to Linguistics-Chapter 1

• 1.1 Why Study Language?
  • a vital human resource
  • Play a central role in our lifes
  • as a tool
• 1.2What is Language?
  • Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communications.
• 1.3 Design Features of Language
  • Arbitrariness任意性
    • the form of linguistic signs and their meaning.
    • the sound of a morpheme and its meaning
    • the syntactic level -----syntax＜words
    • arbitrariness and convention----convention is worth more noticing.
  • Duality二层性
    • the primary level,as words, have distinct and identifiable meaning
      • 上层结构：词素-构词材料 ；词-造句材料；句子-交际基本单位
    • the secondary level,as sounds,is meaningless
      • 底层结构：音位和由音位组成的音节
    • The units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level .
    • lies in the great productive power
  • Creativity
    • One part from duality
    • The recursive nature 递归性of language provides a theoretical basis.递归性：反复使用相同的规则来生成无穷的短语或句子的一种语法手段
  • Displacement
    • stimulus-free
    • make it possible for us to talk and think in abstract terms.
• 1.4 Origin of Language
  • The "bow-wow" theory-imitate the sound of animals-lacks supportive evidence
  • The "pooh-pooh"theory--utter instinctive sound of pain ,anger and joy-a limited number- not good evidence.
  • The”ye-he-yo“theory--primitive people worked together,producing some rhythmic grunts --at most speculation 推测
  • fruitless search for the origin of language对语言的探寻无果
  • evolveswith specific historical ,social and cutural contexts.
• 1.5 Functions of Language
  • Informative Function
    • the prerequisite of social development
    • crusial function
    • another meaning:ideational function
  • Interpersonal Function
    • • interaction in the discourse situation
      • the addresser's attitude
      • expressing identity
  • Performative Function行事功能
    • change the social status of persons
    • the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions
  • Emotive Fuction
    • crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something
    • discussed under the term expressive function
  • Phatic Communion寒暄交谈
    • maintain a comfortable relationship between people without involving any factual content
    • different cultures have different topics of phatic communion
    • help define and maintain interpersonal relations
  • Recreational Function
    • the hearty joy of using it
    • For example:dui ge(对歌)，the repetive rhythms help to control the game;poetry writing
  • Metalingual Fuction
    • meshes with the thematic function of language in functional grammar 通过变换单词或短语在一句话中的位置改变着重想要表达的内容
    • infinitely self-reflexive无限的自我反身性，着重表达人类可以谈论谈话，思考思考
• 1.6 What Is Languistics?
  • As a science,linguistics now has a set of established theories,methods and sub-branches.
• 1.7 Main Branches of Linguistics
  • Phonetics
    • • the study of sounds which are used in linguisticscommunication.
      • 发音语音学：发音器官
      • 声学语音学：声波
      • 听觉语音学：听者如何分析和处理收到的声波
      • 语言学是对人们能够发出的声音进行研究。
  • Phonology
    • • the study of how sounds are put togetherand used in communication.
      • 音系学以音位为起点来处理语言的语音系统。
      • 音系学是对人们发出的声音中的能够组成语言和产生意义的语音进行研究。
  • Morphology形态学
    • • the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words.
      • 关心词的内在构造，研究意义最小的单位
      • 语素是语音和意义的结合体
      • 不同语言对语素的依赖程度不同。
  • Syntax
    • • the study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences.
      • 句子的形式和结构受制于句法规则。
      • 句意不仅和词序有关，还和结构的组合方式有关。eg：The chicken is too hot to eat.
  • Semantics
    • • the study of meaning in language.
      • 语义成分，词的所指，词之间的意义联系，句子之间的意义联系
  • Pragmatics
    • • the study of meaning in context of use.
      • 语用学关心的是语言如何用来交际的
• 1.8 Macrolinguistics
  • Psycholinguistics,Sociolinguistics,Antropological Linguistics,Computational Linguistics.
• 1.9 Important Distinctions in Linguistics
  • Descriptions vs.Prescriptive
  • Synchronic vs. Diachronic
  • Langue ＆ Parole
  • Competence＆ Performance